Introduction to Power System

Operation
Power Generation and Economics
Power Generation
Fundamental of Energy Source
Power System Behavior
Energy Transfer in Power System
Economics
Maximum Demand, Demand Factor
Diversity Factor
Plant Capacity Factor
Annual Plant Use Factor
Load Sharing Between Generating Station
Fundamental of Electric Source : Theory of
Power Generation
Associated very close to Left Hand Rule
Magnetic flux
N S
Cutting the flux lines
Induce current
Steam pushes the
turbine blades
Blades cut through
magnetic flux
Current induced;
electric produced
Steam generation
Steam is a vaporized air with certain speed, and
temperature

It contains a lot of energy and circulates inside
Rankine Cycle.

It is resulted from energy changing from one form to
another




General arrangement of fossil fuel facility
High pressure and high temperature stream rotate
steam turbine and generate electric power
As steam rotates turbine, it loses energy. And as
result its pressure and temperature are greatly
reduced
The steam is then changed into liquid (water) by
a condenser. Condenser eliminates heat into its
surrounding
Liquid is the goes into compressor inlet to regain
high pressure.
High pressure water is added with high
temperature through boiling process. Fuel (coal/
nuclear) boils the high pressured water
High temperature and pressure steam produced,
and rotates turbine to generate electric power
Spin the turbine
at prime move
(excl. solar
direct
conversion type)

Generate
electric power
by flux rotation
in function of
time

V = N (d / dt)
Energy Sources
Common and
traditional
Conventional
Source
Also known
as renewable
energy source
Green
Source
Source of
energy
Conventional
Coal
Nuclear
Water
Renewable
Solar
Wind
Biofuels
Ocean
temperature
Source of
energy
Turbin
e
Transmissio
n
line
Load
Source of
energy
Rotation of
turbine
( 2f)
Generator
excitation current
ic increase flux,
Increase
voltage V = N
(d / dt)
Produce electric
power
To load through
transmission
line
Energy Transfer in Power System
Combustion of coal, rapid movement of water,
pressurized gas / steam, produce energy to spin the
turbine

Spin of turbine generates electric power

However, for large and high concentrated areas
need power stability. Combined cycle or coal are
preferred. Hydro and solar are usually ruled out.

At the event of massive load reduction, generator
sense increase of voltage
Turbine has to slow down the rotation to limit output
To limit rotation, frequency of turbine needs to be
reduced

Massive load increase, generator sense reduction of
voltage
Turbine needs to increase rotation to produce
increase input
Frequency of turbine to be increase
However, under both circumstances, changes of
voltage/ frequency produce oscillations

This oscillation needs to be managed for the system
to return to stability condition

Management of oscillations requires collaborations
of power system parameters (security,
communication, etc)
Energy transfer using steam/gas
Boilers (place of combustion coal, gas, oil) produce
steam at high temperature and pressure

Steam goes into turbines. Spinning turbines results
in electric power.

Rankine cycle is preferred (modified to include super
heating, feed water heating, and steam reheat
Coal Fired Power Plant (Steam/Gas)
Nuclear Power Plant (Steam)
Energy transfer using water
Oldest form of energy conversion

Energy is FREE, thanks to gravity and water atomic
built

However, building hydro power plant need massive
cost and must consider geographic surface
Hydro Power Plant (Water)
Power available from hydro power plant is calculate-
able by (assuming efficiency is 100%):

P = (1.0) gWH (Watt)

Where:

is the density of water = 1000 kg/m
3

g is the gravity rate = 9.81ms
-2

H is the Head measured in m (height of
upper water level above lower)

W

is the flow rate (m
3
/s) through turbine


Example:

Average flow of a river is 575m3/s and type of
desired turbine is Kaplan. Assuming that the power
to be extract is 100% of the capacity of Kaplan
turbine, and efficiency of the system is 100%,
determine the power to be developed per cubic
meter per second.

Solution:

Kaplan turbine : 100% capacity = 61m (H up to 61m)
Efficiency, n = 100%
Water density = 575 m3/s
Gravitational force = 9.81m/s2
Pelton
Heads (H) 184m
1840m
Bucket wheel rotor
and adjustable
flow nozzles
Francis
H = 37 490m
Mix flow type
Kaplan
H = up to 61m
Only run of river/
pondage station
Francis hydro turbine Pelton hydro turbine Kaplan hydro turbine
Sea tides also can be utilized to produce electric
power. This has been done in Scotland where the
water is rocky and tides are consistently hard
throughout the year

Sea tide produces electric power as :

P = ()gh
2
A (Watt) * A = area of water
in water basin
Energy transfer using solar
Huge solar power plant in France produces electric
power through heat radiation

The farm includes thousands of sun light deflectors
which deflect sun light to one tall boiler

Heat generated, in turn is used to produce steam for
the turbines


Solar Power Plant (Steam/Gas)
Energy collected from one per square meter
deflector is :

q = I (
F
+
B
) (T
4
T
4
0
)

I is the incident radiation normal to surface

F
and
B
is the front and back emissivities
of absorber

is the absorptive of panel
is the transmittance of cover plate
is the Stefan Boltzmann constant
Energy transfer through wind
By utilizing speed of wind, generation of electric
power is possible

Wind turbine is positioned at the optimum area
where speed and concentration of wind is at
maintained

Stable wind speed is preferred to its high speed
Higher towers, blades produce high outputs but
comes at extra cost. Power generated by wind is as
follows

P = AU
3
(Watt)

Where

is the air density = 1.201 kg/m
3
U is the air velocity (m/s )
A is the swept area of blade (m)
Tutorial
Calculate the number of wind generators required to
produce equivalent of 600MW. Please assume wind
speed is 10kmh or 2.78 ms-1, blade diameter is
20m, and conversion efficiency is 45%

Given :

Blade diameter, d = 20m
Wind speed, U = 2.78 ms-1

Wind power, P can be calculated

P = AU
3

=

(1.201) ((20/2)
2
) (2.78x10-3)
= 4053kW

Since conversion efficiency is at 45%, thus total
power generated

P = 4053kw x 45% = 1823kW
Since one wind turbine produce 1823KW, thus to
produce equivalent of 600MW, number of turbine
needed is:

Number of turbine = 600MW / 1823KW
= 330 turbine
Tutorial
In a new 25m depth built reservoir, power is
generated through 5 turbines and is delivered
through a transmission line system to support light
local load. Due to fluctuation of incoming water
source, minimum water level is recorded at 55% of
maximum. Determine required power generated per
turbine.

Given the water flow rate is 70m
3
/s during maximum
water level and 35m
3
/s during minimum water level.