Psap Revised

Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
1

Welcome to
Training Program
on
Power System Studies &
software tools


2
Power System Industry
The first commercial electricity Industry was started
operating from 1882 from Pearl Street Generating station of
Thomas Edison in New York city

Earlier power system industry (pre 1900s) was disintegrated
with small islanded companies.

By 1900, 24 central station power companies were
established in Chicago alone which has increased to 45 by
1907.

In London, by 1918, there were 70 companies with different
types of systems - with 10 different frequencies and 24
different voltages

3
Indian Power Sector
India is the fastest growing developing
economy
Indian power sector has grown
tremendously since independence with
installed capacity increasing from 1362MW
to over 1,27,673MW at the end of Nov 30,
2006
In the energy terms it has grown from
4073MU in 1947 to over 6,00,000MU

4
Northern Region (MW)
Central Sector: 15,150
State Sector: 18,769
Private Sector: 1,032
Total : 34,951
H: 35% T: 60%
North-East Region
(MW)
State Sector: 1,143
Private Sector: 26
Total : 2,404
H: 46% T: 52%
Eastern Region (MW)
State Sector: 8,052
Total : 16,478
H: 15% T: 84%
Western Region (MW)
Total : 37,160
H: 19% T: 73%
Southern Region (MW)
Total : 36,599
H: 30% T: 56%
As on 30th November 2006

5

6
Power System
Evolution
Like all major power systems, the Indian
power system has evolved by integrating
small isolated systems
Presently, two major grids are in operation
connected asynchronously meeting a
demand of over 85000 MW
Target Seamless power transfer across
the country - a truly national grid by 2011-
12.


7
EVOLUTION OF THE ELECTRIC
INDUSTRY IN SOUTHERN INDIA
SMALL GENERATORS-DEDICATED LOAD
EX. NIZAMS PALACE-HYDERABAD, DARJEELING TEA
ESTATE
LARGER UNITS TRANSMISSION LINES
EX. SHIVA- WITH 78.5 KV/25HZ EVACUATION TO KGF.
PALLIVASAL TO TRAVANCORE PALACE
CONCEPT OF STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD
INTERCONNECTED, NOT INTEGRATED
INTERSTATE/INTER REGION TRANSFER MAINLY
RADIAL
INTEGRATED OPERATION
400 KV NETWORK IN PLACE
CENTRAL GENERATION AVAILABLE
NATIONAL GRID
THE FUTURE SAARC GRID

8
National Grid
Initially the planning philosophy is self
sufficiency in State level which changed to
regional level during 1980s
During the current century, the focus of
planning shifted to National perspective
Generation planning studies carried out by
CEA had indicated that capacity addition of
100 GW planned on all India basis was
equivalent to addition of 113 GW planned
on regional basis

9
National Grid.
The resulting saving in investment in
generation was much more than the
incremental investment in transmission to
provide a strong National Grid system
National Grid system had to wait till
emergence of strong Regional systems.
The change in planning philosophy towards
National system has started showing that in
just about 4-5 years since the beginning of
the new era, the inter-regional capacity has
more than tripled

10
SOUTHERN
REGION
WESTERNRE
GION
EASTERN
REGION
NORTHERN
REGION
NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION
ELECTRICAL
REGIONS
1
2
3
SAME FREQUENCY FROM GUJARAT
TO ARUNACHAL PRADESH WITH
EFFECT FROM MARCH 2003
ABOUT 2800 KMS! APART

11
SOUTHERN
REGION
WESTERNRE
GION
EASTERN
REGION
NORTHERN
REGION
NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION
ELECTRICAL
REGIONS
1
2
WITH THE COMMISSIONING OF THE
TALA PROJECT CONNECTING THE
EASTERN AND NORTHERN GRIDS,
INDIA HAS ONLY TWO GRIDS

12
13450 MW
1000 MW
6450 MW
4600 MW
1300 MW
3200 MW
30,000 MW OF INTER-
REGIONAL POWER BY 2012
EASTERN
REGION
SOUTHERN
REGION
WESTERN
REGION
NORTHERN
REGION
NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION
INTER-REGIONAL TRANSFER BY
END OF 11
th
PLAN (2012)
ER
3000/5000MW

13
NR
WR
SR
ER
NER
Ennore
Kudankulam
Kayamkulam
Partabpur
Talcher/Ib Valley
Vindhyachal
Korba
MAJOR ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA
LEGEND
Coal
Hydro
Lignite
Coastal
Nuclear
Vizag
Simhadri
Kaiga
Tarapur
Mangalore
Krishnapatnam
RAPP
53,000MW
23,000MW
1,700MW
SIKKIM
M
Y
A
N
M
M
A
R
CHICKEN
NECK
Cuddalore
SRI LANKA
COLOMBO
NEPAL
BHUTAN
DESH
BANGLA
South Madras
Pipavav
Generation Load-Centre
Kolkata
Bhubaneswar
Patna
Lucknow
Delhi
Mumbai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bhopal
Guwahati
Jammu
Ludhiana
Jaipur
Gandhinagar
Indore
Raipur
Thiruvananthapuram
Kozhikode
Hyderabad
* Hydro Potential : 1,10,000
> 25,000MW already installed
> 19,000MW under implementation
> 66,000MW still to be exploited
* 90% coal reserves in ER & WR

14
ROURKELA
RAIPUR
HIRMA
TALCHER
JAIPUR
NER
ER
WR
NR
SR
B'SHARIF
ALLAHABAD
SIPAT
GAZUWAKA
JEYPORE
CHANDRAPUR
SINGRAULI
VINDHYA-
2
0
0
0
M
W

2
0
0
0
M
W

2
5
0
0
M
W

1000MW
500MW
LUCKNOW
DIHANG
CHICKEN NECK
TEESTA
TIPAIMUKH
BADARPUR
MISA
DAMWE
KATHAL-
GURI
LEGEND
765 KV LINES
400 KV LINES
HVDC B/B
HVDC BIPOLE
EXISTING/ X PLAN NATIONAL
ZERDA
HISSAR
BONGAIGAON
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID
KOLHAPUR
NARENDRA
KAIGA
PONDA
IX PLAN
MARIANI
NORTH
KAHALGAON
RANGANADI
SEONI
CHEGAON
BHANDARA
DEHGAM
KARAD
LONIKAND
VAPI
GANDHAR/
TALA
BANGLA
BALLABGARH
A'PUR
(DELHI RING)
BANGALORE
KOZHIKODE
COCHIN
KAYAMKULAM
TRIVANDRUM
PUGALUR
KAYATHAR
KARAIKUDI
CUDDALORE
SOUTH CHENNAI
KRISHNAPATNAM
CHITTOOR
VIJAYAWADA
SINGARPET
PIPAVAV
LIMBDI
KISHENPUR
DULHASTI
WAGOORA
MOGA
URI
BHUTAN
RAMAGUNDAM
SATLUJ
RAVI
JULLANDHAR
DESH
VARANASI /UNNAO
M'BAD
PURNEA
KORBA
NAGDA
SILIGURI/BIRPARA
L
A
K
S
H
A
D
W
E
E
P
TEHRI
MEERUT
BHIWADI
BINA
SATNA
MALANPUR
SHIROHI
KAWAS
AMRAVATI
AKOLA
AGRA
SIRSI
CHAL
JETPUR
AMRELI
BOISAR
TARAPUR
PADGHE
DHABOL
KOYNA
BARH
G'PUR
HOSUR
MYSORE
KUDANKULAM
M'PUR
KARANPURA
MAITHON
JAMSHEDPUR
PARLI
WARDA
BEARILLY
SALEM
GRID
XI PLAN
765 KV LINES IN X PLAN. TO BE CHARGED AT 400KV INITIALLY
TO BE CHARGED AT 765 KV UNDER NATIONAL GRID
765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM
THE POWER
HIGHWAY
CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM
THE NORTH-EAST AND PIT
HEAD THERMAL POWER
FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE
RING AND EXITS TO POWER
STARVED REGIONS

15
True National Grid
At the end of 10
th
plan, India has two
frequency zones
Debate is on
To connect SR grid Synchronously By
proposing a strong AC interconnection between
the Southern States with the Western States.
To connect SR grid Asynchronously By
proposing additional HVDC links strategically
connecting Southern States with the rest of the
Country.

16
Issues

17
Economy
Electricity is a key driver for economic
growth and social development.
India has been experiencing unprecedented
economic growth (in the range of 6-8 per
cent) over the last decade and is projected
to grow at higher rates in the foreseeable
future.
With economic development and a decline
in the population below the poverty line, per
capita electricity consumption is bound to
increase.

18

19
Growth
In order to support the GDP growth rate of
around 7 to 8 per cent per annum, the rate
of growth of power supply needs to be over
10 per cent annually.
Currently, only 44 per cent of households in
rural areas have access to electricity.
The Government has already announced an
ambitious plan to provide
Electricity for all villages by 2007
Electricity for all by 2012, and
the per capita consumption of electricity is
targeted to exceed 1000 units by 2012.

20
Growth
Keeping in mind the socio-economic
factors in the country, it is projected
that India will need to target doubling
its generation capacity from 2002 to
2012, with an associated increase in
transmission and distribution
infrastructure.

21
Generation Addition
Ministry of Power GoI estimated a capacity
addition of 1,00,000MW in the 10
th
and 11
th

plan period.
Past experience indicates that there is a big
gap in planned and actual generation
program hampering the transmission
system plan
Government is contemplating Ultra Mega
project with capacities of each generation
plant of about 4000MW on the coastal as
well as at pit heads

22
Investment
It is planned to add minimum about 60,000
MW in the 11
th
plan period.
The investment is in the ratio 4:2:2 for
generation, transmission and distribution.
The Generation sector requires around
Rs.2,40,000 Cr.
The Bulk transmission alone would require
around Rs.1,20,000Cr, and distribution
sector requires an investment of about
1,20,000 Cr.

23
GRID OPERATION:
A TIGHT ROPE WALK

24
Integrated Grid
Operation
It is proved that long transmission lines
connecting a remote generator to the load
center, under specified operation conditions
generates negative damping giving rise to
local and inter area oscillation
Another critical issue is the voltage stability
Many grid collapses that have taken place in
the recent past are due to this phenomena

25
Operational issue
The large base with integration has
stabilized the frequency variation
This has opened up a new issue in the
present ABT mechanism
The present mechanism leads to
congestion in the system
Congestion Management is an
important issue in the system
operation

26
Security Issue
Tripping of inter-regional network
Causes wide variation in the frequency
profile in the region
Islanding scheme
Good islanding schemes necessary for
early restoration following disturbance

27
Commercial Issue
The present commercial framework has
ensured that the frequency to be brought
between 49 to 50.5Hz
But it is observed that frequency is still
going below 49Hz
A new commercial framework is necessary
for
Accounting losses
Congestion management
Reduce the frequency variation and stabilize it
around the nominal value of 50Hz

28
Electrical
Switching
Transients

Over
Voltages

Fault
Transients

Electrical
machine &
System
Dynamics
System
Governing
& load
Controls
Prime
mover
energy
supply
system
dynamics
Energy
resource
dynamics
s/ms Few secs Seconds
to minutes
Several
minutes
Days to
weeks
Duration spectra of Main effects

29
Transient Phenomena
Scale
s Initial transient, Recovery Voltage
Switching surges, Fault transients
ms

cycles Ferro - resonance
Surge period
Dynamic period
Steady State period

30
Classification

Steady State Analysis Programs

Transient Analysis Programs

Single phase load flow analysis

Transient stability study

Short circuit study

Dynamic stability study

Three phase load flow analysis

Electro magnetic transient analysis

Voltage instability study

Sub synchronous resonance

Harmonic analysis study

Long term load forecasting

Relay co-ordination

Power Systems Analysis Programs
Computer tools to analyze the steady state and transient behavior
of any electrical system.


31
Thank you

Psap Revised

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Psap Revised

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Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.

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