mass A measure of the amount of matter in

an object. The mass of an object is related to

the force required to accelerate it.
acceleration/force the more force
you apply, the greater the
acceleration
Click on the picture for some great questions
about acceleration and force!
acceleration/mass the greater the
mass, the more force necessary to
get an object to accelerate
Click on the picture!
balanced forces when all the forces on an object
cancel each other out, you have balanced forces no
acceleration, no momentum
Click on the picture for some great questions
about balanced and unbalanced forces.
unbalanced forces when forces dont cancel each
other out, there is movement. This is a result of
unbalanced forces.
Click on the picture for some information
about unbalanced forces.
Click on the picture for some
information about kinds of forces.
FORCE
Force
The environment affects a
body by exerting forces on it.

Force simply as a push and
pull.
Force
Force is the effect of pull and push.
Boy exerts a pull on
the rope
Boy exerts a push on
the boat
SI unit of force
SI Unit of force
newton , N

1 N = 1 kg x 1 ms
-2

Effects of Force
Force can
change the shape and size of an
object


Effects of Force
Force can
change the motion of the body by:
Moving a stationary body.
Increasing speed or accelerating a
body;
Decreasing speed or decelerating a
body;(i.e.stop a body)

Force can
Change the direction of motion of
an object.
Effects of Force
2nd Law

The acceleration of an object
is directly proportional to and
in the same direction as the
resultant force acting on it,
and inversely proportional to
the mass of the object.

Thus, a F and a 1/m
Hence, F/m F ma
F = ma
If m = 1 kg, a = 1 ms
-2

F = 1 kg x 1 ms
-2
= 1 N

2nd Law
F = ma
1 Newton is a force which
causes a mass of 1 kilogram
to have an acceleration of
1 ms
-2
.
The second law is really a description of
how a body responds mechanically to its
environment.

The influence of the environment is the
net force, F, the bodys response is the
acceleration, a, and the strength of the
response is the inversely proportional to
the mass, m.
Nov 1991
1. A horizontal force of 5 N was applied to a block of
mass 2 kg resting on a frictionless table.
What was the acceleration of the block?
A 0.4 ms
-2

B 2.5 ms
-2

C 10 ms
-2

D 25 ms
-2

B
Hint:
F =ma
GCE O Nov 1994
2. A horizontal force of 5 N was applied to a block
of mass 2 kg, resting on a frictionless table.
What was the acceleration of the block ?
A 0.4 ms
-2
B 2.5 ms
-2
C 10.0 ms
-2
D 25.0 ms
-2

Nov 1998
3. A horizontal force of 8 N is applied to to a block of
mass 2 kg, resting on a frictionless table.
What is the acceleration of the block?
A 0.25 ms
-2

B 4.0 ms
-2
C 6.0 ms
-2
D 16 ms
-2
B
Hint:
F = ma
Observations
The acceleration of the given body is directly
proportional to the applied force. This means that
the ratio of the acceleration is always constant.
= = = constant
F
1
F
2
F
3
a
1
a
2
a
3
The constant is a measure of how effective is the
given force in producing acceleration. This ratio is the
property of the body called mass.
m =
F

a

A force of 1 newton (1N) is that
resultant force that will give a 1-kg
mass an acceleration of 1 m/s
2
. The
newton (N) is the SI unit of force.
Newtons 2
nd
Law of Motion
Applying a constant force of 12 N in
succession to 1-, 2- and 3-kg masses will
produce accelerations of 12 m/s
2
, 6 m/s
2
and
4m/s
2
, respectively.
a = = = 12 m/s
2

F 12N
m
1
1kg
a = = = 6 m/s
2

a = = = 4 m/s
2
F 12N
m
2
2 kg
F 12N
m
3
3kg
Newtons Second Law of Motion:
Whenever an unbalanced force acts on
a body, it produces in the direction of the
force an acceleration that is directly
proportional to the force and inversely
proportional to the mass of the body.
F = + F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3
+
Force (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s
2
)
Force (lb) = mass (slug) x acceleration (ft/s
2
)
1 lb = 4.448 N 1 slug = 14.59 kg
F
net
= ma
Illustrative Example 2
It is determined that a resultant force of 60
N will give a wagon an acceleration of 10
m/s
2
. What force is required to give the
wagon an acceleration of 2 m/s
2
?
F = ma = (6kg)(2 m/s
2
)
m = = = 6 kg

F 60N
a 10m/s
2
F = 12 N
Illustrative Example 3
A 1000kg car moving north at 100 km/h
brakes to a stop in 50 m. What are the
magnitude and direction of the force?
Given: m = 1000kg; v
i
= 100 km/h = 27.8 m/s;
v
f
= 0 Find: F
net
= ? Formula: Fnet = ma
a =
v
f
v
i
t
X 50 m
v 13.9 m/s
t = =
t = 3.6 s
a =
0

27.8 m/s

3.6 s
a = 7.72 m/s
2
F = ma = (1000kg)(- 7.72 m/s
2
)
F = 7720 N, South
Therefore, we can summarize as follows:
SI: W(N) = mkg) x g(9.8m/s
2
)
English: W(lb) = m(slug) x g(32 ft/s
2
)
Relationship Between Mass and Weight
MASS is a universal constant equal to the ratio of the
bodys weight to the gravitational acceleration due to
gravity.
WEIGHT is the force of gravitational attraction and
varies depending of the acceleration due to gravity.
W = mg or m =
W
g
(1)The mass of a particle is equal to its weight divided by the
acceleration due to gravity.
(2)Weight has the same units as the unit of force.
(3)The acceleration of gravity has the same units as acceleration.
Illustrative Examples
What is the weight of a 4.8-kg mailbox?
What is the mass of a 40-N tank?
What is the mass of a 60-lb child?
What is the weight of a 7-slug man?
W = mg = (4.8kg)(9.8 m/s
2
)= 47N
m = F/g = (40N)/(9.8 m/s
2
)= 4.08 kg
m = F/g = (60lb)/(32 ft/s
2
)= 1.9 slug
W = mg = (7slug)(32 m/s
2
)= 224 lb
Illustrative Example 2
Find the weight of the body whose weight
on Earth is 100 N. If this mass were
taken to a distant planet where g = 2.0
m/s
2
, what would be its weight on that
planet?
Given: W
E
= 100N; g
E
= 9.80 m/s
2
g
P
= 2.0 m/s
2
Find: W
P
= ?
Solution
Mass on Earth:
m = = = 10.2 kg
W
E
100 N

g
E
9.80 m/s
2
W
P
= mg
P
= (10.2 kg)(2 m/s
2
)
Weight on the planet:
W
P
= 20.4 N
Ans.: a = 1.63 m/s
2
;
m = 81.6 kg on both
places
Try this!
A woman weighs 800 N on
Earth. When she walks on the
moon, she weighs only 133 N.
What is the acceleration due
to gravity on the Moon, and
what is her mass on the
Moon? On the Earth?
1. A ball is accelerated from rest at a rate of
1.20 m/s
2
after a force of 20.0 n is applied.
What is the mass of the ball?

Practice Exercise (p.61-62)
2. A 15.0-kg box is pushed by two boys with
forces of 15.0 N and 18.0 toward the right.
What is the magnitude and direction of the
acceleration of the box?

3. If the forces in number 2 are applied
opposite each other, what is the magnitude
and direction of the acceleration?
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution:
1. A ball is accelerated from rest at a rate of 1.20 m/s
2
after a
force of 20.0 n is applied. What is the mass of the ball?

Given: F
net
= 20.0 N; Find: m = ?
a = 1.20m/s
2


m = = = 16.7 kg

F
a
20.0 N
1.20 m/s
2
F = ma
Solution:
Given: m = 15.0 kg; F
1
= +15.0 N; F
2
= +18.0 N
Find: a = ?


a = =

F
net
m
15.0 N + 18.0 N
15.0 kg

F
net
= F
1
+ F
2
= ma
2. A 15.0kg box is pushed by two boys with forces of 15.0 N
and 18.0 toward the right. What is the magnitude and
direction of the acceleration of the box?
a = 2.20 m/s
2
Solution:
Given: m = 15.0 kg; F
1
= +15.0 N; F
2
= +18.0 N
Find: a = ?


a = =

F
net
m
15.0 N + 18.0 N
15.0 kg

F
net
= F
1
+ F
2
= ma
2. A 15.0kg box is pushed by two boys with forces of 15.0 N
and 18.0 toward the right. What is the magnitude and
direction of the acceleration of the box?
a = 1.53 m/s
2
to the right

Solution:
Given: m = 15.0 kg; F
1
= +15.0 N; F
2
= -18.0 N
Find: a = ?


a = =

F
net
m
15.0 N - 18.0 N
15.0 kg

F
net
= F
1
+ F
2
= ma
3. If the forces in number 2 are applied opposite each other,
what is the magnitude and direction of the acceleration?
a = 0.2 m/s
2
to the left

m
M
The Atwood Machine
T T
M
m
T T
Mg
mg
a
a
The Atwood Machine
M
m
T
T
Mg
mg
a
a
For mass M:
T Mg = - Ma
Mg - T = Ma
Eq. 1
For mass m:
T mg = ma
Eq. 2
Conbining eq.1 & eq. 2:
Mg - T = Ma
T mg = ma
+
Mg - mg = (M + m)a
a = g
M m
M + m
Example: Atwood Machine
A 2.0-kg body and a
5.0-kg body are each
suspended at the end
of a cord that passes
over a frictionless
pulley. (a) What is the
acceleration of the
system? (b) What is
the tension on the
cord?
5.0 kg
2.0 kg
a
a
T
T
Vertical and horizontal problems
m
1
m
2
A 2.00-kg hanging block pulls a
3.00-kg block along a
frictionless table. Calculate for
the acceleration of the system
and the tension on the cord.
Vertical and horizontal problems
m
1
m
2
m
1
m
2
T
a
w
2
a
T
F
net
= T = m
1
a - eq.1
F
net
= T- w
2
= -m
2
a
or w
2
T = m
2
a - eq.2
T
T
Since the blocks are connected by a single cord, the
tension T of the cord for both blocks is the same,
thus similar rate of motion for both.
T = m
1
a
w
2
T = m
2
a
Combining the 2 equations gives:
w
2
= m
1
a + m
2
a
w
2
= (m
1
+ m
2
)a
a =
w
2

(m
1
+ m
2
)
Working equation
---- Eq. 1
---- Eq. 2
a =
w
2

(m
1
+ m
2
)
a =
(2.00kg)(9.80 m/s
2
)
(3.0 kg + 2.0 kg)
a = 3.92 m/s
2
For acceleration:
For the tension: from eq.1
T = m
1
a =
(3.0 kg)(3.92m/s
2
)= 11.8 N
Another Example
Example: Horizontal and Vertical motion
A 100-g mass lies on a frictionless table
and a cord is attached to it. The cord
passes over a pulley at the edge of the
table and at the free end, a 10-g mass is
hung. Find the acceleration of the system
and the tension on the cord.
100 g
10 g
Solution
a =
w
2

(m
1
+ m
2
)
a =
10g (980cm/s
2
)
(100g + 10g)
a = 89.1 cm/s
2
The acceleration: The tension:
Isolating the 10-g mass, the tension T
acts upward and the acceleration
downward. The unbalanced force F =
(9800 T)dynes. Applying the second
law:
F = ma
9800-T = 10g(89.1cm/s
2
)
T = 9800dy 891dy
T = 8910 dynes
A 100-g mass lies on a frictionless table and a cord is attached to it.
The cord passes over a pulley at the edge of the table and at the
free end, a 10-g mass is hung. Find the acceleration of the system
and the tension on the cord.
m
1
m
2
m
3
T
1
T
2
T
2
T
1
Vertical and horizontal problems
If a 100-g counter weight is attached on the
left side of m
1
which is 300 g, and a 200-g
mass on the right, what would be the
acceleration of the system and the tensions
on the left and right cords?
m
1
T
1
T
2
Free-body Diagrams
m
2
m
3
T
2
T
1
w
3
w
3
F
net
= T
1
T
2
= m
1
a
F
net
= T
2
W
2
= m
2
a
F
net
= T
1
W
3
= -m
3
a
a a
m
1
= 300 g
m
2
= 100g
m
3
= 200 g
Combining the 3 equations yields:
T
1
T
2
= m
1
a
T
2
W
2
= m
2
a
W
3
T
1
= m
3
a
W
3
W
2
= (m
1
+ m
2
+ m
3
)a
a =
W
3
W
2

m
1
+ m
2
+ m
3

+
+
Working equation
F
net2
= T
2
W
2
= m
2
a
F
net1
= T
1
T
2
= m
1
a
F
net3
= T
1
W
3
= -m
3
a
a =

=
W
3
W
2

m
1
+ m
2
+ m
3

a = 1.63 m/s
2
(0.2kg)(9.8m/s
2
) (0.1kg)(9.8m/s
2
)
0.3 kg + 0.2 kg

+ 0.1 kg

m
1
= 300 g
m
2
= 100g
m
3
= 200 g
m
1
= 300 g
m
2
= 100g
m
3
= 200 g
T
1
T
2
= m
1
a Eq.1
T
2
W
2
= m
2
a Eq.2
W
3
T
1
= m
3
a Eq.3
For Tensions, T
1
and T
2
W
3
T
1
= m
3
a
m
3
g T
1
= m
3
a
T
1
= m
3
g m
3
a
T
1
= m
3
(g a)
T
1
= 0.2kg(9.8m/s
2
1.63m/s
2
)
T
1
= 1.63 N
Using Equation 3
Using Equation 2
T
2
W
2
= m
2
a
T
2
m
2
g = m
2
a
T
2
= m
2
a + m
2
g
T
2
= m
2
(g a)
T
2
= 0.1kg(9.8m/s
2
+ 1.63m/s
2
)
T
2
= 1.14 N
Using Equation 1
T
1
T
2
= m
1
a
1.63N T
2
= 0.3kg(1.63m/s
2
)
1.63N T
2
= 0.489 N
T
2
= 1.63N 0.489 N
T
2
= 1.14 N
T
1
= 1.63 N
Solution
a = g
M m
M + m
a = (9.8m/s
2
)
5kg 2kg
5kg + 2kg
a = 4.2 m/s
2

Another Solution
5.0 kg
2.0 kg
a
a
F = ma
Unbalanced force F:
F = W
2
+ W
1
= 5kg(9.8m/s
2
) 2kg(9.8m/s
2
)
= 49 N 19.6 N = 29.4N
The moving masses:
m = 2kg + 5kg = 7kg
T
T
The acceleration:
F = ma
29.4N = 7kg (a)
a = 29.4 N / 7kg = 4.2 m/s
2
w
1
w
2
Solution: The tension on the cord
Consider the 2.0-kg body as the
moving part of the system. We can
isolate it as shown in the free-body
diagram on the right. Let T be the
tension on the cord. The unbalanced
force is T W
1
. The acceleration is 4.2
m/s
2
.
F = ma
T 19.6N = (2.0kg)(4.2m/s
2
)
2.0 kg
T
a
T = 8.4 N + 19.6 N = 28.0 N