By Katie Dring

Variations or types:

There are various different types of pens for pen and ink drawing. Traditional ink pens,
or often otherwise known as dip pens, due to its user having to dip them into an ink well
to retrieve the ink, consist of a shaft with an interchangeable nib, these nips act as a
temporary basin for the ink. Nibs come in different sizes allowing the user to create
different widths and thickness of line. When handling a dip pen, it is advised that the
user should pull the pen to make their marks instead of pushing, as this could potentially
result in splatters. Cleaning of the nib is vital due to the fact the ink can dry and become
hard therefore removal of the ink after the user is finished is important as the ink is hard
to remove once tough and can even potentially damage the nip.
Another type of pen; the technical pen is unlike the dip pen as it can be moved in various
direction without the fear of splattering. Some technical pen have a reservoir built into
the pen that can be refilled with ink, with others are disposable. Refillable pen are more
expensive while disposable pens are logically less expensive by not very environmentally
friendly.

Frequently pens that are used for pen and ink drawing techniques often feature a brush
tip as a variety of marks can be made in comparison to a pen with a defined nip of tip.

Surfaces for pen and ink drawing:
Pen and ink drawings are mostly often created on different types of paper. The tooth, or
texture, of the paper can effect the marks that are made by the pen. More commonly
artists prefer to work on smoother surfaces to create detailed ink drawings.. Bristol paper
is a smooth surfaced paper that is heavier than regular drawing paper. Many pen and ink
artists use Bristol paper due to its characteristics. Another popular choice for ink
drawings is cold press illustration board, although rougher than Bristol paper, the
thickness of the board adds more stability. Some artists combine pen and ink drawing
with other media, such as watercolour,. In these cases the second medium many influence
the surface chosen.


Pen and Ink Techniques:


Hatching: is used to add value in a linear
fashion. Lines used in hatching most often
go in the same direction for a defined area.
When hatching is used the lines do not
cross over each other although cross
hatching can be used in combination with
hatching. Hatching lines can either be
parallel or they can be used as cross contour
lines to help define the form of a object.
The closer the lines the darker the value, in
continuity the more space between the line,
the lighter the value.

Cross hatching: is similar to hatching expect
the lines cross over one another; hence the
word cross. The more the lines cross the
darker the value. Cross hatching can be used
with rigid straight lines or as cross contour
lines to define the form of an object.

Stippling: is a method where adding countless dots to create the value of the drawing. The
higher the concentration of dots, the darker the value. Again in continuity the more space
between the dots, the lighter the value. Stripping is time consuming, however it allows the
artist to have complete control over the application of value, which produces highly
realistic results.
Random lines: the title says it all, means lines going in various directions. By changing the
frequency of the crossing of the lines, an artist can control the range of value produced.
Using this method can also create a variety of different textures.

Ink wash: is a method of the application of ink with a brush. Ink wash is similar to
painting with watercolour paint. The more water added, the less intense the application of
ink meaning the value is controlled by the amount of water added to the ink prior to its
application to the surface.

There are various types of pens here is a list of a few
common ones:
Ballpoint pen(Biro)
Berol
Bic Cristal(Type of ink pen)
Dip pen
Esterbooko(ink pen)
Flex nibs(which use pressure to vary a line width)
Flo-Master
Fountain pen
Gel Pen
Market pen(Used to make wider marks
Paint marker( mainly used in oil-based paint)
Permanent marker
Quill
Rastrum,
Rollerball pen
Ruling pen( used to denote ruler lines)
Skin pens(pen applied to skin
to create a permanent image)
Space pen
Speed-ball (Type of ink art pen),
Technical pen(used to make consistent
line in architectural and technical drawings)
Theromochromism- a process of
colouring by using heat
Uni-ball(ink pen)
UV maker(type of ink pen)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-1G05Q64mw

Click here to see a YouTube Clip of me using a pen.
Step by step of how to use a pen:
1. Depending on the location of your pen pick it
up with either your left of right hand
depending on which hand you draw/write
with while simultaneously grasping the pen
between your thumb and fore-finger with your
middle finger behind for support.
2. If pen has a lid, take off and place of the
alternative end to prevent it from becoming
lost.
3. Make sure the pointed edge is pointing
toward the paper before use. If pointed edge
isn't pointing towards the paper turn the pen
around as otherwise you will not be able to
use it.
4. Before bringing the pen towards the paper and
applying pressure, make sure you are grasping
the pen at the bottom of its base(by the tip)
as it give you more control of the pen and the
lines you are about to create with ink.
5. Apply the pen to the paper and use pressure
to create a line, the amount of pressure you
apply determines how dark or how light your
line/drawing will be.
6. Once you are finished with using your pen,
place lid back on to prevent the pen from
drying out and place in a safe place so you do
not lose it(so you can use it again).

Relevant dimensions or constraints:
The main modern types of pens can be categorised by the kind of writing tip or point.
A ballpoint pen dispenses ink by rolling a small hard sphere, usually 0.7-1.2mm and made of brass, steel
or tungsten carbide. The ink dries almost immediately once in contact with paper. The ballpoint pen is
usually reliable and inexpensive and has now replaced the fountain pen as the most common tool for
everyday writing.
A roller ball pen dispenses a water-based liquid/gel ink through ball tip-similarly to a ballpoint pen.
The pen moves more easily across a writing surfaces due to its less viscous non oil based ink. This pen was
initially designed to combine the convenience of a ballpoint pen with the smooth effect of a fountain pen.
They are available in a range of colours. E.g. Metallic paint, glitter, neon and pastel tones.
A marker or otherwise known as felt tip pen , has a porous tip of fibrous material. The smallest tipped
markers are used for writing paper. Medium-tip markers are often used by children for colouring and
drawing. Larger markers are used for writing on other surfaces such as corrugated boxes and whiteboards.
Historic types of pen as no longer commonly used as writing instruments by are commonly used by
calligraphers and other artists.
A dip pen (nib pen) consists of a metal nib with capillary channels, similarly to a fountain pen, mounted
on a handle or holder, often made of wood. A dip pen usually has no ink reservoir and must be repeatedly
recharged with ink while drawing or writing. Dip pen has certain advantages in comparison to a fountain
pen as it can use waterproof pigmented inks such as India ink which would destroy a fountain pen.
Mainly used in illustration, calligraphy and comics. A particularly fine-pointed type of dip pen known as
a crowquill is a favourite instruments of artist David Stone Martin because its flexible metal point can
create a variety of delicate lines, textures and tones with slight pressure while drawing.
The disadvantages of Pens:
Is permanent so if you made a mistake
If you press too hard the ink can potentially go
through the paper ruining the page or drawings
on the other side.
Can run out of ink meaning you have to
replace either the whole pen or the ink.
If made from plastic could potentially break
Ink poisoning
Some in k can be damaged by water
Ink cartilage may leak

Advantages:
Often very lightweight depending
on what type of pen it is.
Permanent
Low in cost depending on what
type you buy
You do not have to sharpen it like
a pencil

Health and Safety Aspects of a pen:
Ink poisoning, Biro(made out of plastic) could potentially snap and could cut an individuals skin, the pointy edge(especially a fountain pen) could
potentially injury someone- poke someone in the eye, ink cartilage may split.
Evaluation of how well I explored, the material (and its techniques:
In this process I used a roller ball pen to reproduction the techniques used in the image on the left onto a blank canvas. The final result of this can
be seen in the middle image above. I found the whole process of reproducing the techniques reasonably hard due to the fact that I have never done
it before. However for my first attempt I feel that I did reasonably well. I found drawing with a pen rather challenging as I like to create images
that are perfect and neat and due to the fact that you cannot rub out a pen I found it hard. Even though I felt the need to start again whenever I
went wrong I persevered with it instead- going over lines to darken sections to create an idea of a 3D shape. I struggled with the following
techniques: cross hatching, short dash and hatching due to the fact that they involved a series of straight lines. I found it hard to create a series of
straight line after one another, which may be down to the fact that my hand was shaky. However although this acted as a disadvantage I still believe
my final product came out okay, having a more rustic image than it was suppose to. With more practise and more concentration I believe I can
create a 3d piece that looks more realistic to the eye. Next time I may experiment with a different type of pen; biro, to see if I can produce better
work with a different ink pen. Once I created a replica of the Line drawing sheet I then proceeded forward in creating a 3D pile of cubes
involving the new processes and techniques that I had just previously learnt. I decided to experiment with the cross hatching technique as this was
one of the techniques I struggled the most with.. I used the this technique to create a shading effect on my cubes to makes them more 3D looking.
This task helped me with both with my perspective drawing techniques and my shading. Again I believe with more practise Id be able to create a
more realistic pile of boxes.
A pencil is a writing implement or art device usually constructed of a
narrow, solid pigment core inside of a protective casing which prevents
the core from being broken or leaving marks on the users hand during
use. Most pencils cores are made up of graphite mixed with a clay
binder which leaves grey or black marks that can be easily erased-
unlike a pen. Graphite pencils are used for both writing and drawing
and result in durable markings, which are easily removed with an eraser,
it is otherwise resistant to moisture, most chemicals and natural ageing.
There are other types of pencil cores such as, charcoal pencils, which
are mainly used by artists who are drawing and sketching. Coloured
pencils are typically regarded as art supplies, especially those with waxy
core binders that often tend to smear on paper instead of erasing,
The most common type of pencil casting is a thin wood shaped into a
hexagonal or cylindrical shape which is 19cm and permanently bonded
to the core. In alternative, other materials such as plastic and paper can
be used. To use a pencil, the outer casting must be peeled or carved off
to expose the working end of the core as a sharp point- commonly
people use a pencil sharpener to do this. Mechanical pencils have more
elaborate castings which support mobile pieces of pigment core that
can be extended or retracted through the casting tip as needed.
Variations or types:
Types of pencils:
Graphite pencils: Most common type of pencil which are
encased in wood. Made out of a mixture of clay and
graphite varying in darkness from light grey to black,
their composition allows them to create the smoothest
strokes.
Solid graphite pencils: which are solid sticks of graphite
and clay composite with the same diameter of a common
pencil, however doesnt have a casting other than a
wrapper or label. Used primarily for art purposes as the
lack of casting allows for covering larger spaces more
easily, creating different effect and providing a greater
economy as the entirety of the pencil is being used.
Available in the same darkness range s graphite
pencil(casted)
Charcoal pencil are made of charcoal and provide a fuller
blacks than graphite pencils, but tend to smudge easily
and are often more abrasive than graphite. Sepia-toned
and white pencils are also available for duotone
techniques.
Carbon pencils: are generally are made of a mixture of
clay and lamp black, but are on occasion blended with
charcoal or graphite depending on the darkness and
producer. They produce a fuller black than graphite
pencils, but are smoother than charcoal.
Coloured pencils: These have wax-like cores with
pigment and other fillers. Multiple colours are often
blended together.
Grease pencils can write on almost any surface (including
glass, plastic, metal and photographs). The most
commonly found grease pencils are encased in paper
(Berol and Sanford Peel-off), but they can also be
encased in wood (Staedtler)
Watercolour pencils are designed for use with
watercolour techniques. The pencils can be used by
themselves for sharp, bold lines. Strokes made by the
pencil can also be soaked with water and spread with
brushes.
The techniques that can be
used for pen can be used for
pencil also( seen on 3
rd
page)
Additional techniques include::
The Back and Forth pencil drawing technique.
This techniques is used by everyone and is
probably the first shading technique that we
learn when youngsters. The process involved
an individual moving the pencil in a back and
forth motion at a more rapid speed all toward
the same direction. Alternating the pressure to
create lighter or heavier pencil shades. Many
use this technique near the outline of an subject
image to ensure the fill shade stays within the
correct area.



Scrambling: is a technique which involves
moving a pencil in small circular motions
keeping them all very compact. Often
used to keep shading tight and blends
very well. Create a smooth texture.
Step by step of how to use a pencil:
1. Depending on the location of your
pencil pick it up with either your left of
right hand depending on which hand you
draw/write with while simultaneously
grasping the pencil between your thumb
and fore-finger with your middle finger
behind for support.
2. Make sure your pencil is sharp not blunt,
if not sharp, sharpen with pencil
sharpener.
3. Make sure the pointed edge is pointing
toward the paper before use. If pointed
edge isn't pointing towards the paper
turn the pencil around as otherwise you
will not be able to use it.
4. Before bringing the pencil towards the
paper and applying pressure, make sure
you are grasping the pencil at the bottom
of its base(by the tip) as it give you more
control of the pencil and the lines you
are about to create with graphite.
5. Apply the pencil to the paper and use
pressure to create a line, the amount of
pressure you apply determines how dark
or how light your line/drawing will be.
6. Once you are finished with using your
pencil place in a safe place until next
time.
Relevant dimensions or constraints
Advantages:
You are able to rub it out meaning if you make
a mistake you can easily correct it with a rubber
It is easy to remover due to it being lightweight
They come in a range of shades and colours
Disadvantages:
Becomes blunt therefore needs to be sharpened
meaning it becomes gradually smaller resulting in
having to be replaced.
Has to be replace- costly
Many people don't understand how to used the
different styles(shades) that they come from so just
use the HB pencil.
Not environmentally friendly
This diagram illustrates the twenty most used and common
grades of pencil. The numbers and letters signal the type of
lead that is inside.
The letter H means hard- this kind of lead is hard, keeping
the shading very light. Pencils with an H gradient are
generally unused in pencil portraiture, simply because the lead
is too hard to control on paper.
The letter B means bold or black and signals a soft lead in
the pencil, which adds a lot of lead to the paper, creating
darker shades. The numbers next to the letter signal how soft
the lead is, with 9B being the softest and therefore the darkest.
The F grade means fine point. These pencils are still
relatively hard but have a very fine, sharpened point. Again,
these are uncommon in pencil portraiture.
Health and Safety issues related to a pencil
Sharp edge could potentially injury someone
The pencil itself might snap could cause an injury. E.g. Splinter
Lead poisoning
Not eatable
A mechanical pencil has small parts therefore if it were to be broken someone could potentially choke on them

Evaluation of a pencil:
I found it reasonably easy to remover the pencil due to it being lightweight however I did struggle to convey meaning through the
use of the seven basic pencil marks and strokes as I have never used these techniques before. Therefore It was hard to know how to
use the different methods correctly and in the right place. Although with more practise I believe I'll be able to use them in the
correct way especially when using the light technique as this will feature in a lot of my work within the next year as it creates more
depth within an image. I decided to experiment with the light technique first. I found it quite hard to create light in the right
places on my object but eventually got the hang of it when I researched into shadowing. With more practise I believe I will
eventually be able to create a more realistic pictures.
This was the practical task that I did with pencil markings. As
you can see I did simple drawings and decided what movement
type suit what image best. This allowed me to experiment with
different pencil markings. For example I wanted to show
movement on my rugby ball so I therefore used three line to
show this which creates the illusion that the ball is moving.
However I feel I could improve this image by adding a bit of
light markings to communicate to the audience whether or not
the object is in light or shadow.