Literature review

The use of the three types of material that is steel,FRP and Precast
Concrete and seen as no different when it used and serves as a drain
cover weight-bearing human while walking, capable of withstanding
the vehicle load and facilitate maintenance work made for drain
cleaning.
And this study was conducted to determine whether the use of high-
density polyethylene plastic (HDPE) can improve the quality of
drainage cover in our Malaysia.

Steel is among the rugged construction materials and
has high durability Use around the world and building
products using cover iron drain can still be seen all
over the world even for many years.
The use of FRP manhole began in 2000 . Demand for FRP manhole is
to the low manufacturing cost factors of economic and non-resale
value. The material used is different from closing iron drain and drain
cover slabs of pre-cast concrete, thus significant differences in terms
of strength and durability can be seen when all three comparisons
made.
Use the type of manhole precast concrete slabs starting at 2008 as
published in the article Bernama.com dated 2nd July, , 2008. Demand
drain cover slabs of pre-cast concrete is to prevent theft. The material
used is different from drain cover steel and FRP manhole, thereby the
differences that significant in terms of strength and ability can be
seen when comparing both are made.
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) drain cover or is a polyethylene
thermoplastic made from petroleum. Known for its large strength to
density ratio, HDPE is commonly used in the production of plastic
bottles, corrosion-resistant piping, geomembranes, and plastic
lumber. HDPE is commonly recycled, and has the number "2" as its
recycling symbol.
In 2007, the global HDPE market reached a volume of more than 30
million tons
Iron mixture is the main ingredient needed to make iron drain cover.
There is a type of metal used for manufacturing Drainage steel lid
which have similarities in terms of content. the iron drain cover types
are of iron grating `` Mild Steel measuring 610mm x 838mm, weighing
25 kg and is mostly used around the city of Kuala Lumpur. The size of
the drain cover is also not necessarily one, it depends on the size of
the hole width x height be covered with the metal cover [2].
Composite material is a substance formed by the combination of two
or more materials in the form of micro or small scale. It has been
used extensively and gained attention in the field of civil engineering
construction. Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composite materials are
not as highlighted and made with a combination of resin and fiber the
proven effective and economical for long term
The slurry polymerization: polymer produced at low temperatures
(70-110 C) and low pressure (1-5 MPa) in a medium of saturated
hydrocarbons. The suspension or slurry form polymer cell. the
reaction medium is removed and the polymer separated from the
inert hydrocarbon diluent. The powder obtained was mixed with
stabilizers and generally extruded into pellets.
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
Gas-phase polymerization: A gas phase reactor is essentially a
fluidized bed dry polymer particles is maintained either by stirring or
by releasing gas (ethylene) at high speed through it. Stress is usually
quite
~ 2MPa low and the temperature is usually in the range of 70-110 C.
The powder obtained is mixed with stabilizers and generally extruded
into pellets.
The effects can be obtained from the installation of these kinds of
drainage cover.
Bil Tahun Bilangan Kos Kerugian
1. Tahun 2011 1,604 Nos RM 518,285.00
2. Tahun 2012 2,030 Nos RM 649,600.00
3. Tahun 2013 925 Nos RM 912,800.00

Jumlah RM 2,080,685.00



Bil Jenis Kos Kelebihan / Kelemahan

1. MS Steel Grating RM 320.00 1. Mudah berkarat
Saiz 711X610mm 2. Kecurian (ada nilai pasaran)
termasuk kerangka 3. Mengeluarkan bunyi bising bila dipijak
Berat: 25Kg 4. Boleh dipotong dengan pemotong api oksigen
2. Fiber Reinforced RM 250.00 1. Mudah menjadi reput (untuk jangka masa lama)
Plastic (FRP) bila terkena sinaran matahari
Grating 2. Warna mudah pudar
Saiz 710X600mm 3. Tiada nilai untuk dijual
termasuk kerangka (No re-sale value)
Berat: 15Kg 4. Mudah terbakar
3. Precast Concrete RM 252.00 1. berat
Slab Compressed 2.

Melambatkan penyelenggaraan bagi pecucian longkang
Saiz 610X405mm 3. Kos lebih mahal sedikit daripada penutup jenis yang lain
termasuk kerangka
Berat: 28Kg

4.
High density polypropylene (HDPE)

Saiz 592 x 386 mm

Termasuk kerangka

Berat: 18 kg



RM 120
1. antioksidan

2. Rintangan Impak yang Baik

3. Keliatan yang baik

4. Kos yang rendah

5. Diperbuat daripada botol plastic (HDPE) yang dipakai dan dibuang

6. Kuat, tahan lama, tahan lasak

7. Kalis air dan fleksibel

8. Oleh kerana ketumpatan rendah, ia sangat ringan dalam berat

9. Ia tidak menghakis dan mempunyai rintangan yang baik kepada asid dan
alkali.

10. Koduksi haba yang rendah
Thank you