Amplitude Modulation

Chapter 04

Lecture 07
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION:
DOUBLE SIDE BAND (DSB)
Modulating signal, base band signal, information
signal

Carrier signal:

with Spectrum
) (t m
) (e M
) cos( ) (
c c
t t c u e + =
| | ) ( ) ( ) (
c c
C e e o e e o t e + + =
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DSB (cont)
Modulation is the product of the base band with
the carrier
| | ) ( ) (
2
1
) cos( ) (
c c c
M M t t m e e e e e + +
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DSB (cont)
DSB-SC modulation simply shifts the frequency
contents of m(t) to the carrier frequency

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USB & LSB
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Demodulation
To demodulate we multiply the signal by a



Therefore the FT of this signal is


If we lowpass filter this signal we recover
) cos( t w
c
| |
(

+ = = ) 2 cos(
2
1
2
1
) ( ) ( cos ) ( ) cos( ) cos( ) (
2
t w t m t w t m t w t w t m
c c c c
| | ) 2 ( ) 2 (
4
1
) (
2
1
) 2 cos(
2
1
2
1
) (
c c c
w M w w M w M t w t m + + +
(

+ e
) (
2
1
t m
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Demodulation (cont)
We need a carrier of exactly the same frequency
and phase as the carrier used for modulation:
Synchronous Detection or Coherent Detection
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Demodulation (cont)
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Modulators
Multiplier Modulators
Nonlinear Modulators
Switching Modulators
Ring Modulator
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Nonlinear Modulators
Let the IO characteristic of a system to be




Substituting the two inputs


We obtain
) ( ) ( ) (
2
t bx t ax t y + =
| | | | ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 2
2
1 1 2 1
t bx t ax t bx t ax t y t y t z + + = =
) ( cos ) (
1
t m t w t x
c
+ = ) ( cos ) (
2
t m t w t x
c
=
t w t bm t am t z
c
cos ) ( 4 ) ( 2 ) ( + =
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Nonlinear Modulators (cont)
If we pass the signal though a BPF centered at
w
c
we will get the modulated signal
t w t bm t z
c
BPF THE AFTER
cos ) ( 4 ) ( =
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Switching Modulators
In this case we multiply the modulating signal by any
periodic signal of frequency w
c
The fourier series of a square pulse train is (Eq. 2.75)


then
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = .... 5 cos
5
1
3 cos
3
1
cos
2
2
1
) ( t w t w t w t w
c c c
t
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = .... 5 cos
5
) (
3 cos
3
) (
cos ) (
2
2
) (
) ( ) ( t w
t m
t w
t m
t w t m
t m
t w t m
c c c
t
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Switching Modulators (cont)
If this signal is passed trough a BPF centered at
w
c
we get our modulated signal
( ) . cos ) (
2
) ( ) ( t w t m t w t m
c
BPF THE AFTER
t
=
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Series/Shunt bridge diode
modulator
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Ring Modulator
This is the second kind of switching modulators, in this
case the square wave is bipolar
The fourier series of this pulse train will be given by (Eq.
2.76)


then
|
.
|

\
|
+ = .... 5 cos
5
1
3 cos
3
1
cos
4
) ( t w t w t w t w
c c c
t
|
.
|

\
|
+ = .... 5 cos
5
) (
3 cos
3
) (
cos ) (
4
) ( ) ( t w
t m
t w
t m
t w t m t w t m
c c c
t
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Ring Modulator (cont)
The desired signal after the BPF is



The input of the BPF does not contain any of the original
input signals, therefore this is an example of a double
balanced modulator
( ) . cos ) (
4
) ( ) ( t w t m t w t m
c
BPF THE AFTER
t
=
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Frequency Mixer or converter
We wanted to change the modulated signal from w
c
to w
I

The product x(t) is



Down conversion if we select

t t t m t x
mix c
e e cos cos ) ( 2 ) ( =
( ) ( ) | | t t t m t x
mix c mix c
e e e e + + = cos cos ) ( ) (
I c mix
e e e =
( ) ( ) | | t t t m t x
I c c I c c
e e e e e e + + = cos ) ( cos ) ( ) (
( ) ( ) | | t t t m t x
I c I
e e e + = 2 cos ) cos ) ( ) (
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Frequency Mixer (cont)
Up conversion if we select
I c mix
e e e + =
( ) ( ) | | t t t m t x
I c c I c c
e e e e e e + + + + = cos ) ( cos ) ( ) (
( ) ( ) | | t t t m t x
I c I
e e e + + = 2 cos ) cos ) ( ) (
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Frequency Mixer (cont)
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Questions?