Energy Auditing

1
Energy

By

Dr. A. Atputharajah
Intensive Training Course on Green Building Practices & Rating System, September 2012, ICTAD Auditorium, Colombo
2
Green Building points on Energy and Atmosphere
Pages 49 to 66 of the book on Green Rating System for Built Environment
22
1 8 Points
3
Energy and Atmosphere
Prerequisites
1. Fundamental Building System Commissioning
To verify and ensure that fundamental building elements and systems are
designed, installed and calibrated to operate as intended

Engaged commissioning authority and adopt a commissioning
requirements in bid documents and task the commissioning agent to
produce a commissioning report once commissioning activities are
completed.

2. Minimum Energy Performance
Establish a minimum level of energy efficiency for the base building and
systems (based on the mandatory provisions and prescriptive requirements
or performance requirements)

Design the building envelope, HVAC, Lighting and other systems to
maximize energy performance. Code of practice on Energy Efficient
Building of the SEA may be used to satisfy this prerequisite. Computer
simulation model may be used to confirm satisfaction of this prerequisite.
4
Prerequisites
3. CFC Reduction in HVAC&R Equipment
To reduce ozone layer depletion

When reusing existing HVAC systems, conduct an inventory to identify
equipment that uses CFC refrigerants and adopt a replacement schedule for
those refrigerants. For new buildings, specify new HVAC equipment that
uses no CFC refrigerants.

5
I mportant points
4.1 Optimize Energy Performance (1 10 points)
Achieve increasing levels of energy performance above the prerequisite
standard to reduce environmental impacts associated with excessive energy
use.

whole building energy simulation Demonstrate a percentage improvement
in the proposed building performance rating compared to the baseline
building performance (page 55). Can do this for existing building or new
building. Find the minimum energy cost saving percentage based on this
percentage the points will be given.

6
4.1 Optimize Energy
Performance (1 10
points)
Some tips for energy saving
and money saving
7
Walk through energy audit
Collecting historical data
Operational pattern, monthly production, energy
consumption in every sections, energy use per unit of output
(energy index), Seasonal energy use patterns, number of man
power used in sections, electricity bills, fuel bills, half an
hour meter reading on kWh, kVA, p.f. etc..

Analyzing data
Plot the results in graphs in monthly basis, check tariff, PFC
bank failures, Load pattern, operational process, tea break
and lunch break operations, shift duty patterns, etc
8
Screening survey
Major energy consumption plants or sections and processes
Site and equipment operating patterns
Obvious energy waste and inefficiencies
Gaps in the metering and reporting of energy use
Priority areas for further investigations
Preliminary estimates of investments/savings for measures
identified.
Review of power purchase agreement with tariff analysis

Proposal to the management with immediate
implementation and the sections that required for
further invitation
Walk through energy audit
9
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
Maximum kVA
Peak kwh
Off peak kwh
Electricity
Diesel
Total cost
Maximum kVA
cost
Peak kwh
cost
Off peak
kwh cost
Electricity
total cost
Diesel total
cost
Total
cost
Walk through energy audit some tips (examples summery of bill data)
10
Sections Total kVA Power factor
Office 40 0.9
WWT 36 0.74
FWT 12 0.8
Compressor 30 0.8
Boiler 15 0.7
Pumps 2 0.8
Walk through energy audit some tips (examples summery of measured data
at local point)
11
Persentage of loads
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
D
y
e
i
n
g
S
.
W
i
n
d
F
.
W
i
n
d
R
F

d
r
y
o
f
f
i
c
e
W
W
T
F
W
T
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
o
r
B
o
i
l
e
r
P
u
m
p
s
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
Loads
Walk through energy audit some tips (examples summery of load sectional
data)
12
Total cost
1100000
1300000
1500000
1700000
1900000
2100000
2300000
60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 110000
Production kgs
2 (25.82)
4 (20.80)
8 (21.13)
12 (23.21)
5 (21.32)
6 (17.71)
9 (21.37)
10 (14.84)
11 (13.47)
7 (14.17)
3 (20.80)
Walk through energy audit some tips (examples summery of production cost
data)
13
Variation of kVA vs kWh
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
kWh
k
V
A
Walk through energy audit some tips (examples summery of kVA vs kWh
consumption data)
14
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Clutch Type Electronic
Type
Normal Type
No Load kVA
No Load kW
Full Load kVA
Full Load Kw
Walk through energy audit some tips (examples summery of machines
catalogue data on power consumption vs their operation)
15
Energy is time x power (save power or time to save energy)
Proper maintenance, Replace with energy efficient equipment
Replacing many small devices with one big device but avoid
over sizing
Do quality control to minimise waste and recycling or reusing
Do work process study, time study and find critical operation
process path
Keep records of the operational schedule of machines for future
study
Give merits or awards for excellent workers
Install individual electricity meters for large machines
Walk through energy audit some tips (from the operational, managerial and
maintenance point of view)
16

Review tariff options
Carefully monitor operation pattern and power consumption
24 hours working schedule with shift duties
New office building with new connections if they can obtained
are lower demand contract tariff options
Morning the operation during tea and lunch breaks
Check any modification on existing system is required.
Example if two transformers (faculty and hostels) are with
different peak loading time pattern then merge them together
with one transformer
Identify best tariff structure for operation
Implement measures that provides full benefits from the
selected tariff and purchase agreements
Minimise the energy cost some tips on electricity tariff selection and money
saving
17
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1,000.0
1,200.0
1,400.0
1,600.0
1,800.0
2,000.0
0
:
3
0
2
:
3
0
4
:
3
0
6
:
3
0
8
:
3
0
1
0
:
3
0
1
2
:
3
0
1
4
:
3
0
1
6
:
3
0
1
8
:
3
0
2
0
:
3
0
2
2
:
3
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2007
Minimise the energy cost Load pattern in Sri Lanka
Peak hour 6:30 pm
till 10:30pm
18
Minimise the energy cost Electricity Tariff for I ndustries (Tariff rates
effective from 1
st
of J anuary 2011)
Ref: CEB website http://www.ceb.lk/sub/residence/tariffplan.html and
click on the link of industrial purpose accessed on 4
th
June
2012.
Industrial Purpose
This rate applies to the supply of electricity used wholly or mainly for motive power or for electro-
chemical process in factories, workshops, foundries, oil mills, spinning and weaving mills, water
supply and irrigation pumping stations, port and dock installations and other similar industrial
installations.
Customer Category I- 1
This rate shall apply to supplies at each individual point of supply delivered and metered at 400/230
Volt nominal and where the contract demand is less than or equal to 42 kVA.
This rate shall apply to supplies at each individual point of supply delivered and metered at 400/230
Volt nominal and where the contract demand exceeds 42 kVA.
This rate shall apply to supplies at each individual point of supply delivered and metered at 11,000
Volt nominal and above.
19
Tariff category Approved in January 2011
Unit charge
(Rs/kWh)
Fuel Adjustment
Charge (%)
Fixed charge
(Rs/month)
Demand charge
(Rs/kVA)
Industrial-(I1) 10.50 15 240.00

Industrial-(I2)
Peak 13.60 15 3000.00 850.00
Off peak 7.35 15
Day 10.45 15

Industrial-(I3)
Peak 13.40 15 3000.00 750.00
Off peak 7.15 15
Day 10.25 15
effective from 1
st
of J anuary 2011)
Ref: CEB website http://www.ceb.lk/sub/residence/tariffplan.html and
click on the link of industrial purpose accessed on 4
th
June
2012.
20
effective from 1
st
of J anuary 2011)

Ref: CEB website http://www.ceb.lk/sub/residence/tariffplan.html
and click on the link of industrial purpose and download the
consultation paper on setting tariffs for the period 2011-2015, Page
number 23 24, (table 16) accessed on 4
th
June 2012.
Description Interval Number of hours
Day 0530 to 1830 13
Peak 1830 to 2230 4
Off-peak 2230 to 0530 7
Proposed Intervals in the TOU Tariff

21
Minimise the energy cost Energy saving in light loads

Where you need utilising natural light and when you need off
when nobody in the place

22

Laboratory test result for one 36 W inductive ballast and electronic ballast lamp
Option W VA demand
36 W, lamps with inductive
ballast
56 100
36 W, lamps with electronic
ballast
37 40
23

Consider the 36 W, 191 inductive ballast lights in the factory, which are operated for 12
hours per day including peak and day hours and 26 days per month
Option Total kWhr
per month
kVA
demand
36 W, lamps with inductive
ballast
3337 19.1
36 W, lamps with electronic
ballast
2205 7.64
24

CEB charging rates (Industrial purpose) in rupees are:

Peak 13.6 per kWh
Day 10.45 per kWh
Off peak 7.35 per kWh
Maximum demand 850.00 per kVA
Fixed charge 3000.00 per month
25
Cost was calculated by considering the lighting loads are on
during 3 hours peak, 9 hours off-peak and contributing to the
maximum kVA

Saving per month is above 23,000/=, therefore the pay back
period is less than 4 months period (without considering fuel
adjustment charge)

kVAdemand kWhr Total C + + =
(
(
(
850 _
12
8
45 . 10
12
4
6 . 13
Option Cost in rupees
36 W, lamps with inductive ballast
54,610
36 W, lamps with electronic ballast
31,851
26
Using Sensors
Large saving could be obtained by turning off lights in
unoccupied areas.
Lights in storage areas or near windows can be left off when space is
unoccupied or daylight is sufficient

Saving cost analysis of using sensors
For example occupy sensor is connected to a finishing store.
One sensor, which can take about 1 kW is about 3500/=. In
finishing stores, the sensors can reduce working duration of the
lights to at least 50%.
27
Saving cost analysis of using sensors
An example factory, the finishing store has florescent lamp of
3kW load. Therefore it need 3 occupy sensors.
Savings from the sensors are (3kW, 8rupees off-peak time, 50%,
12hours, 26days per month)

Therefore for three sensors the payback period of the installation
cost is less than 3 months
Strongly recommended a load pattern (light requirement) study
throughout the day using data logger before take decision on
using sensor
rupees S 744 , 3 26 12 5 . 0 8 3 = =
28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
.
5
0
2
.
5
0
4
.
5
0
6
.
5
0
8
.
5
0
1
0
.
5
0
1
2
.
5
0
1
4
.
5
0
1
6
.
5
0
1
8
.
5
0
2
0
.
5
0
2
2
.
5
0
1
MVA
1.5
MVA
2.5
MVA
Lumped 2.5 MVA
transformer loading
Minimise the energy cost Merging two sub systems transformers
29
When use two transformer total kVA demand charge
= (0.9*1+0.8*1.5)*650*1000
= 1,365,000 rupees

When use one lumped transformer total kVA demand
charge
= 0.64*2.5*650*1000
= 1,040,000 rupees
Minimise the energy cost Merging two sub systems transformers
30
Minimise the energy cost Power Factor Correction
Advantages
Demand Reduction, thus reduce the electricity bill
Reduction of transmission and distribution losses in the
CEB supply
I f PFC made locally at the machinery level then loss in
the internal industrial wiring will be reduced
Less investment when considered the rating of T/F, cables
and switch gear can be utilized fully
Better voltage regulation
31

Power factor: Factor of the power that is used from the supplied
power

Real power or used power
kW
Reactive
power
kVAr
|
power apparent
power active
f p = = | cos .
32

power
Reactive
power
power apparent
power active
f p = = | cos .
|/
33

power
Reactive
power zero
power apparent
power active
f p = = | cos .
34

Rupees from KVA saving
Power factor
m
o
n
e
y

0.97
35
Simulation study
1
5
0
0
.
0

[
u
F
]
I
c
a
p
a
1.0 [ohm] 0.001 [ohm] Vsa
ILa Isa
0.003 [H]
B
R
K
The breaker was
switched on after
0.1 second
0.72 lagging
power factor
36
Peak current
237 A
Peak current
172 A
27% reduction
Simulation results
37
CEB
connection
point
Experimental study
38
PFC
Industry
load
Experimental results
39
Harmonic effects

Effects of existing harmonics in the supply to the power factor
correction capacitors

Therefore higher order harmonics will cause high harmonic
currents.
Harmonic study must be carried out before placing the power
factor capacitors
e C
impedance Capacitor
1
=
40
Minimise the energy cost Local Power Factor Correction
Load 1
Load 3
Load 2
L
o
a
d

4

PFC PFC
Reduce the losses within the industry circuits,
Might reduce the cost of PFC based on the requirement
41
Cable voltage drop and power loss
Take an example of 1.5mm
2
three phase cable for 10 meter
distance:
Voltage drop for 10 meters when it carries full load
current is Volts

Power loss in the 10 meters circuit when it carries
full load current is watts

Therefore when the industrial wiring is done it must be
design according to the wiring regulations while placing
the circuit in critical distance path
4 875 . 3 5 . 15 25 10 ~ =
60 5 . 15 25 10
2
=
Minimise the energy cost Local Power Factor Correction
42
I mportant points
4.2 Renewable Energy (1 8 points)
Encourage and recognise increasing levels of self-supply through renewable
energy technologies to reduce environmental impacts associated with fossil
fuel energy use.

Supply at least 1% of the buildings total energy use through the use of on-
site renewable systems (page 59). Based on this percentage of penetration
of renewable energy proportionally points are given.

Assess the project for potential renewable energies including solar, wind,
geothermal, biomass, hydro and bio-gas strategies. When applying these
strategies, take advantage of the net metering with the local utility.

43
4.2 Renewable Energy (1 8
points)
Some tips on renewable
energy technologies
44
Wind Power Generation
Technologies
1. Fixed Speed I nduction Generator (FSI G) based wind
turbine

Absorbs reactive power
Torque speed curve
-10
-5
0
5
10
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Speed [rpm]
T
o
r
q
u
e

[
k
N
m
]
s = -1.0 %
1515 rpm

Small change in speed causes large torque change
600kW, 690V

Only by pitching the generator torque is controlled
Reactive power speed curve
0
1
2
3
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Speed [rpm]
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

p
o
w
e
r

[
M
V
A
R
]
0.38 MVAR
FSIG
Induction
generator
Transformer
Capacitor
Rotor blade
Pitch
controller
Gearbox
Output power
During fault, the generator
mechanical input power is
reduced by pitching the blades
45
Workshop on Integration of Wind Power Generations and HVDC Technologies for interconnections 4
th
J uly 2012, Peradeniya
External variable
resistor
Wound rotor
induction generator
Pitch
controller
Maximum change in speed is around 10 %
Torque speed curve
-10
-5
0
5
10
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Speed [rpm]
T
o
r
q
u
e

[
k
N
m
]
Rr = 0.0065 (ohm)
Rr = 3 x 0.0065 (ohm)
Stretch the curve by
altering rotor resistance
During the fault power was absorbed by the
rotor circuit and also the electrical torque was
stretched to increase the stability margin
46
2. Variable slip I nduction Generator based wind turbine
th
DFIG
Torque
control
Voltage or
PF control
Crowbar
Pitch
controller
Wound rotor
induction generator
IGBT PWM
converters

Speed can be changed by 20 %
Generator torque is fully under control of the
electronic converter

Very fast torque control, response time is 5 to 50 ms depending on the type of control system
Torque speed curve of a 2MW DFIG
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Speed [rpm]
T
o
r
q
u
e

[
k
N
m
]
A
B
Vdr = 0, Vqr = 0
Vdr = 50, Vqr = -100
Vdr = 50, Vqr = 100
Move the curve by
altering rotor voltage
During the fault, the torque slip curve will be shifter in such a way that it provides
enough stability margin. However, during fault sub transient the control is disengaged to
avoid unnecessary over voltage across the power electronic devices
47
3. Doubly Fed I nduction Generator (DFI G) based wind
turbine
th
Generator
controller
Pitch
controller
Grid side
controller
Synchronous or induction
generator
IGBT PWM
converters
AC DC
AC

DC-link totally decouples the generator
from the grid
Grid frequency is decoupled, wind turbine
can operate at any rotor speed
Grid voltage is decoupled, change in grid
voltage does not affect the generator
dynamics
Converter rating should be the rating of
the turbine
Full converter: Voltage control / reactive power support can be offered to the grid without disturbing the
generator dynamics.
Full converter: Converter has total control over the full converter turbine, better controllability than DFIG
During the fault, this configuration has the full control on the generator
speed. However, it requires expensive power electronic interface.
48
4. Full converter based wind turbine
th
49
th
Simulation study results
on wind generator performance steady state operation
DFIG
operation
DFIG
operation
FSIG
operation
FSIG
operation
50
th
DFIG
operation
FSIG
operation
DFIG
operation
FSIG
operation
51
on wind generator performance steady state operation
th
on wind generator performance Fault Ride Through operation
DFIG operation on FRT success FSIG operation on FRT failure
52
th
Comparison of power extraction using DFIG and FSIG technologies

Annual Energy output at Narakkeliya using FSIG is 4380 MWh
while using DFIG is 5759 MWh
Calculated results
on wind generator performance energy extraction
53
th
54
on wind generator performance
DFIG
operation
FSIG
operation
DFIG
operation
FSIG
operation
55
Workshop on Power options for developing countries 3
rd
4
th
September 2011, J etwing sea hotel, Kochchikade, Negombo
56
I mportant points
4.3 Green Power (1 point)
To encourage investments in off0site renewable energy technologies for
export purposes to the National Grid.

Demonstrate that the company has installed green power equivalent to 50%
of the total energy requirement of the building anywhere in the country.

Estimate the energy needs of the building on annual basis. Invest in green
power plants in the country, which meets 50% of the total energy
requirement of the building. Green power is derived from solar, wind,
geothermal, biomass or low-impact hydro sources.

Acknowledging for
supporting this research work
National Science Foundation
Sri Lanka
National Research Council
Sri Lanka
57
th
58
Thank you
atpu@ee.pdn.ac.lk

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