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Data Protection: RAID Chapter 3 Section 1 : Storage System 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Why RAID o Performance limitation of disk drive o An individual drive has a certain life expectancy o Measured in MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) o The more the number of HDDs in a storage array, the larger the probability for disk failure. For example: o If the MTBF of a drive is 750,000 hours, and there are 100 drives in the array, then the MTBF of the array becomes 750,000 / 100, or 7,500 hours o RAID was introduced to mitigate this problem o RAID provides: o Increase capacity o Higher availability o Increased performance 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Chapter objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: o Describe what is RAID and the needs it addresses o Describe the concepts upon which RAID is built o Define and compare RAID levels o Recommend the use of the common RAID levels based on performance and availability considerations o Explain factors impacting disk drive performance 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID Array Components
RAID Controller Hard Disks Logical Array Physical Array RAID Array Host 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID Implementations o Hardware (usually a specialized disk controller card) o Controls all drives attached to it o Array(s) appear to host operating system as a regular disk drive o Provided with administrative software o Software o Runs as part of the operating system o Performance is dependent on CPU workload o Does not support all RAID levels 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID Levels o 0 Striped array with no fault tolerance o 1 Disk mirroring o Nested RAID (i.e., 1 + 0, 0 + 1, etc.) o 3 Parallel access array with dedicated parity disk o 4 Striped array with independent disks and a dedicated parity disk o 5 Striped array with independent disks and distributed parity o 6 Striped array with independent disks and dual distributed parity
2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Data Organization: Striping Stripe 1 Stripe 2 Strips Strip 1 Strip 2 Strip 3 Stripe Strip Stripe 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID 0 o Data is distributed across the HDDs in the RAID set. o Allows multiple data to be read or written simultaneously, and therefore improves performance. o Does not provide data protection and availability in the event of disk failures. 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID 0 1 9 5 2 10 6 3 11 7 0 Host RAID Controller 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID 1 o Data is stored on two different HDDs, yielding two copies of the same data. o Provides availability. o In the event of HDD failure, access to data is still available from the surviving HDD. o When the failed disk is replaced with a new one, data is automatically copied from the surviving disk to the new disk. o Done automatically by RAID the controller. o Disadvantage: The amount of storage capacity is twice the amount of data stored. o Mirroring is NOT the same as doing backup! 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID 1 Block 1 Block 1 Block 1 Block 0 Block 0 Host Block 0 RAID Controller 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Nested RAID o Combines the performance benefits of RAID 0 with the redundancy benefit of RAID 1. o RAID 0+1 Mirrored Stripe o Data is striped across HDDs, then the entire stripe is mirrored. o If one drive fails, the entire stripe is faulted. o Rebuild operation requires data to be copied from each disk in the healthy stripe, causing increased load on the surviving disks. o RAID 1+0 Striped Mirror o Data is first mirrored, and then both copies are striped across multiple HDDs. o When a drive fails, data is still accessible from its mirror. o Rebuild operation only requires data to be copied from the surviving disk into the replacement disk. 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Nested RAID 0+1 (Striping and Mirroring) Block 3 Block 2 Block 1 Host RAID 0 Block 0 Block 3 Block 2 Block 1 Block 0 RAID 1 RAID Controller 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Nested RAID 0+1 (Striping and Mirroring) RAID Controller Block 3 Block 2 Block 1 RAID 0 Block 0 RAID 1 Block 3 Block 2 Block 1 Block 0 Block 3 Block 2 Block 1 Block 0 Host 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Host Nested RAID 1+0 (Mirroring and Striping) Block 3 Block 3 Block 1 RAID 1 Block 0 Block 0 Block 1 RAID 0 Block 2 Block 2 RAID Controller 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Host Nested RAID 1+0 (Mirroring and Striping) RAID Controller RAID 1 Block 0 Block 0 RAID 0 Block 2 Block 2 Block 3 Block 3 Block 1 Block 1 Block 0 Block 2 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID Redundancy: Parity Parity Disk 1 9 5 3 11 7 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 6 1 7 18 Host RAID Controller Parity calculation 4 + 6 + 1 + 7 = 18 The middle drive fails: 4 + 6 + ? + 7 = 18 ? = 18 4 6 7 ? = 1 ? 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID 3 and RAID 4
o Stripes data for high performance and uses parity for improved fault tolerance. o One drive is dedicated for parity information. o If a drive files, data can be reconstructed using data in the parity drive. o For RAID 3, data read / write is done across the entire stripe. o Provide good bandwidth for large sequential data access such as video streaming. o For RAID 4, data read/write can be independently on single disk. 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Host RAID Controller Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 P 0 1 2 3 Block 0 Block 3 Block 2 Block 1 Block 0 Parity Generated RAID 3 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID 5 and RAID 6 o RAID 5 is similar to RAID 4, except that the parity is distributed across all disks instead of stored on a dedicated disk. o This overcomes the write bottleneck on the parity disk. o RAID 6 is similar to RAID 5, except that it includes a second parity element to allow survival in the event of two disk failures. o The probability for this to happen increases and the number of drives in the array increases. o Calculates both horizontal parity (as in RAID 5) and diagonal parity. o Has more write penalty than in RAID 5. o Rebuild operation may take longer than on RAID 5. 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Host Block 0 P 0 1 2 3 Block 7 RAID Controller P 0 1 2 3 Block 0 Block 4 Block 0 Block 1 Block 5 Block 2 Block 6 Block 3 Parity Generated Block 0 P 0 1 2 3 Block 4 P 4 5 6 7 P 4 5 6 7 Block 4 P 4 5 6 7 Block 4 Parity Generated RAID 5 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID Min Disks Storage Efficiency % Cost Read Performance Write Performance
0
2
100
Low Very good for both random and sequential read Very good
1
2
50
High
Good Better than a single disk Good Slower than a single disk, as every write must be committed to two disks
3
3 (n-1)*100/n where n= number of disks
Moderate Good for random reads and very good for sequential reads Poor to fair for small random writes Good for large, sequential writes
5
3 (n-1)*100/n where n= number of disks
Moderate Very good for random reads Good for sequential reads Fair for random write Slower due to parity overhead Fair to good for sequential writes 6 4 (n-2)*100/n where n= number of disks Moderate but more than RAID 5 Very good for random reads Good for sequential reads Good for small, random writes (has write penalty) 1+0 and 0+1 4 50 High Very good Good RAID Comparison 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. o Small (less than element size) write on RAID 3 & 5 o Ep = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 (XOR operations) o If parity is valid, then: Ep new = Ep old E4 old + E4 new (XOR operations) o 2 disk reads and 2 disk writes o Parity Vs Mirroring o Reading, calculating and writing parity segment introduces penalty to every write operation o Parity RAID penalty manifests due to slower cache flushes o Increased load in writes can cause contention and can cause slower read response times
E p new RAID Controller 2 XOR E p new E p old E 4 old E 4 new + - = E 4 old E p old E 4 new
RAID Impacts on Performance P0 D1 D2 D3 D4 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID Penalty Exercise o Total IOPS at peak workload is 1200 o Read/Write ratio 2:1 o Calculate IOPS requirement at peak activity for o RAID 1/0 o RAID 5
Additional Task Discuss impact of sequential & Random I/O in different RAID Configuration
2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. RAID Controller Hot Spares 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Chapter Summary Key points covered in this chapter: o What RAID is and the needs it addresses o The concepts upon which RAID is built o Some commonly implemented RAID levels 2009 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. #1 IT company For more information visit http://education.EMC.com