CONVECTION (II)

H81HMT
DR SHOW PAU LOKE
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
1 Chapter 5 H81HMT
OUTLINE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
INTRODUCTION
EXTERNAL FLOW (EXTERNAL FORCED)

FREE CONVECTION (NATURAL FORCED)
BOILING & CONDENSATION
CONDENSATION
POOL BOILING
SUMMARY
2 Chapter 5 H81HMT
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Understand the nature of and be able to describe
the three modes of heat transfer
2. Estimate the appropriate heat transfer coefficient
3. Able to differentiate between force and natural
convective heat transfer.
4. Able to solve force and nutural convective
problems using different experimental
correlations.
5. Able to understand the concept of boiling and
condensation.


3 Chapter 5 H81HMT
4
Introduction of External Flow
In last class we obtained a non-dimensional form for the
heat transfer coefficient, applicable for problems involving
the formation of a boundary layer:
In this chapter we will obtain convection heat transfer
coefficients for different flow geometries, involving external
flows.
In such flows, boundary layers develop freely.
Two approaches:
Experimental or empirical: Experimental heat transfer
measurements are correlated in terms of dimensionless
parameters.
Theoretical approach: Solution of boundary layer
equations.

Chapter 5 H81HMT
5
FLAT PLATE IN PARALLEL FLOW
Boundary layer conditions may be entirely laminar, laminar and
turbulent, or entirely turbulent.
To determine the conditions, compute Re no
u : Mean velocity of the object relative to the fluid (m/s)
L : Linear dimension, travelled length of the fluid (m)
: Dynamic viscosity of the fluid [Pa s or N s/m or kg/(m s)]
v : Kinematic viscosity (v= /) (m/s)
: Density of the fluid (kg/m).

Re
L
u L u L
v

= =
Chapter 5 H81HMT
6
FLAT PLATE IN PARALLEL FLOW
Value of critical Reynolds number, Re
x,c
depends on the free
stream turbulence and surface roughness.



Subject to boundary conditions, numerical solutions to the
momentum and energy equations yield the following results for
important local boundary layer parameters.





Chapter 5 H81HMT
Laminar < Re
x,c
= 5 x 10
5
< Turbulent
Fluid properties are usually evaluated at the film temperature:
2

+
=
T T
T
s
f
(7.0)
7
FLAT PLATE IN PARALLEL FLOW
For Laminar Flow:
Nusselt number:
0.6 Pr , Pr Re 664 . 0
3 / 1 2 / 1
> = =
x
x
x
k
x h
Nu
(7.1a)
0.6 Pr , Pr Re 332 . 0
3 / 1 2 / 1
> = =
x
x
x
k
x h
Nu
(7.1b)
Average friction and convection coefficient from leading edge on a
surface are twice of local coeff.
Chapter 5 H81HMT
x x
h h 2 =
Local skin friction coefficient :
x
s
fx
u
C
Re
664 . 0
2
1
2
= =

t
x
u
u
s

=

t 332 . 0
(7.2)
Local Nu:
Average Nu:
Shear stress :
( ) ( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
- with / 0.99 at 5.
5.0 5
/ R
0
e
,

= =
= =
x
x
u
u
vx
u q
o
Boundary layer thickness: (7.3)
(7.4)
(7.5)
8
FLAT PLATE IN PARALLEL FLOW
For Turbulent Flow:
Nusselt number:
(7.6a) 7 5 3 / 1 5 / 4
10 Re 10 5 for Pr Re 0296 . 0 < < = =
x
x
x
k
x h
Nu
(7.6b)
Chapter 5 H81HMT
Local skin friction coefficient :
7 5 5 / 1
10 Re 10 5 for Re 0592 . 0 < < =

x x fx
C
Local Nu:
Average Nu:
60 Pr 0.6 for Pr Re 037 . 0
3
1
5 / 4
< < =

=

L
x
L
k
x h
u N
(7.8)
Boundary layer thickness:
o /x= 0.381 Re
x
-1/5

(7.7b)
EXAMPLE 1
Air at 20C is flowing a long a heated flat plate at
134C at a velocity of 3m/s. The plate is 2m long
and 1.5m wide. Calculate thickness of the
hydrodynamic boundary at 40cm from the leading
edge of the plate. The kinematic viscosity of air at
20C maybe taken at 15.06x10
-6
m
2
/s.
Answer: 7.1mm

Chapter 5 H81HMT 9
EXAMPLE 2
For the flow system in Example 1, calculate the local
transfer coefficient at x=0.4m and heat transferred
from the first 40cm of the plate.
From physical properties of air at 77C are:
=0.998kg/m
3
,C
p
=1.009kJ/kgC, v=20.8x10
-6
m
2
/s
k=0.03W/mC, Pr=0.697, x=0.4m

Answer:

Chapter 5 H81HMT 10
W Q
K m W h K m W h
x
x
725
/ 6 . 10 ; / 3 . 5
3 3
=
= =
11
EXAMPLE 3
A flat plate 1m wide and 1m long is placed in a wind
tunnel. The temperature & velocity of free stream air are
10C and 80m/s respectively. The air flow over the whole
length of the plate is made turbulent with the help of a
turbulent grid placed upstream of the plate. Determine the
thickness of the boundary layer at the trailing edge of the
plate. Also calculate the mean value of the heat transfer
coefficient from the surface of the plate.
Physical properties of air at 10C are:
v=14.15x10
-6
m
2
/s; k=0.025W/mC; Pr=0.72
Answer: 1.7cm; 209W/m
2
C

Chapter 5 H81HMT
12
FLOW AROUND CYLINDERS & SPHERES
Flow around cylinders & spheres is characterized by boundary
layer development & separation.
The flow field divided into 2 regions:
Boundary layer region near the surface.
Outer region away from the surface.
Pressure gradient along the surface is not zero as this pressure is
used for develop a separate flow region at the back.
Forward stagnation point: Location of zero velocity (u

=0) and maximum
pressure.
Bernoulli effect: High velocity in a low pressure:
Chapter 5 H81HMT
)
2
(
2

=
u
d
dp

13
CROSSFLOW AROUND CYLINDERS
(7.9)
Hilpert 1933 for gases, Knudsen & Katz for liquid
correlation, can be used for cross flow around other non-
circular shapes.
3 / 1
Pr Re
n
D D
C u N =
Chapter 5 H81HMT
14
CROSS FLOW AROUND SPHERES
McAdams correlation for flow gases over spheres:
6 . 0
Re 37 . 0
D D
u N =
1000 Re 25 < <
D
(7.10)
Kramers correlation for flow of liquid over spheres:
Chapter 5 H81HMT
) (Re 68 . 0 97 . 0 (Pr)
5 . 0 3 . 0
D D
u N + =

For 1 < Re
D
< 2000
(7.11)
15
PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATIONS
Begin by recognizing the flow geometry (i.e. flat plate, sphere,
cylinder etc.)
Specify appropriate T-reference for evaluation of fluid properties
(usually film temperature, equation 7.3)
Calculate Reynolds number determine whether flow is laminar or
turbulent
Reminder: Transition criteria:
5
10 5 Re = = =

v
L u x u
c
x

Decide whether a local or average heat transfer coefficient is required.

Local coefficient =particular point; average coefficient: entire surface.
Use appropriate correlation to determine heat transfer coefficient, h.
Proceed with other calculations, such as determination of heating or cooling
rate.
5
10 2 Re < = =
k
D VD
D

Flat plates Cylinders & spheres

Chapter 5 H81HMT
2

+
=
T T
T
s
f
Chapter 5 16
EXAMPLE 4
Assuming that a man can be represented by a
cylinder 30cm in diameter and 1.7m high with a
surface temp of 30C, calculate the heat he
would lose while standing in a 36km/h wind at
10C.

Physical properties of air at 20C are:
v=15x10
-6
m
2
/s; k=2.59x10
-2
W/mC; Pr=0.707
Answer: 1230W
H81HMT
EXAMPLE 5
Air stream at 27C is moving at 0.3m/s across a
100W electric bulk at 127C. If the bulb is
approximated by a 60mm diameter sphere, estimate
heat transfer rate and the percentage of power lost
due to convection.

The physical properties of air at 77C are:
v = 2.08 x105 m
2
/s; k = 0.03 W/mC; Pr: 0.697
Answer: 12.10W; 12.1%
Chapter 5 H81HMT 17
18
Other Applications
Flow around tube banks
Packed beds
Impinging
jets
Chapter 5 H81HMT
19
Summary of External Flow
Convection heat transfer coefficients in external
flows depend on the nature of boundary layer
development.
There are many correlations available for describing
convection heat transfer for external flows.
Technologically important cases include flows
around flat plates, cylinders, spheres, tube banks,
packed beds, impinging jets etc.
Chapter 5 H81HMT
FREE CONVECTION
Previously, we have considered only heat transfer by
forced convection.
laminar & turbulent
However, consider the case where a hot plate is
placed in a fluid at rest (ambient T).
A temperature gradient will be created between the plat
and the fluid.
The temperature variation within the fluid will
generate a density gradient.
Which will give rise to a convective motion:
Buoyancy effects
20 Chapter 5 H81HMT
We now consider a fluid in between two plates.
A temperature gradient will be established between the plates.
For (a), the layer is top heavy because of the density of the cold fluid
is higher
A convective motion is set up
In (b), the fluid is stable, there is no natural convection
21 Chapter 5 H81HMT
Distance
T or
22 Chapter 5 H81HMT
Heat transfer by free convection arises in many engineering
applications
Refrigeration coil





Transformers




Steam radiator
DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER
Grashof number (Gr):
| = coefficient of expansion (K
-1
or C
-1
),
v = kinemetic viscosity (m
2
/s),
L = characteristic length (m)
The ratio of the buoyancy force to the viscous
force in the fluid.
Dimensionless analyses for free or natural
convection shows the following relationship
Nu = (Gr Pr)
2
w
3

) T (T L g
Gr

=
No Re term because flow are not
externally induced and the only driving
force is the buoyancy force.
23 Chapter 5 H81HMT
For uniform wall temperature (Mc Adams):
Nu = c(Gr Pr)
n
Laminar (10
4
<Gr Pr <10
9
), c = 0.59, n = 1/4
Turbulent (10
9
<Gr Pr <10
13
), c = 0.1, n =1/3
The physical properties are evaluated at:
T = (T
wall
+ T
fluid
)
24 Chapter 5 H81HMT
CORRELATIONS FOR VERTICAL PLATE
External Convection Flows





Chapter 5 H81HMT 25
9
3
, ,
10
) (
Pr ~

= =

o
|
v
x T T g
Gr Ra
S
c x c x
4 / 1 4 / 1 2 / 1
Pr) 952 . 0 ( Pr 677 . 0
L L
Gr
k
L h
u N

+ =

=
Boundary layer thickness:
4 / 1 4 / 1 2 / 1
) 952 . 0 ( 93 . 3

+ =
x r r
Gr P P
x
o
Pr = is Prandtl number; G
rx
is local Grashof number
2
3
) (
v
x T T g
G
s
rx

=
|
Rayleigh no. :
Nusselt No.:
Pr = v/
CORRELATIONS FOR HORIZONTAL PLATE
For uniform wall temperature (Mc Adams):
Nu = c(Gr Pr)
n

Difficult to get into turbulent flow
26 Chapter 5 H81HMT
EXAMPLE 6
A 30cm long glass plate is hung vertically in the air at 27C
while its temp is maintained at 77C. Calculate the
boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate.
If a similar plate is placed in a wind tunnel and air is blown
over it at a velocity of 4m/s, estimate the boundary layer
thickness at its trailing edge.
Physical properties of air at 52C are:
v=18.41x10
-6
m
2
/s; k=28.15x10
-3
W/mK; Pr=0.7;
=3.07x10
-3
C
-1


Answer: 1.52cm; 5.8mm

Chapter 5 H81HMT 27
EXAMPLE 7
Determine the average heat transfer coefficient,
for natural and forced convection for the data of
example 6.
Answer: 4.9W/m
2
K; 14.11W/m
2
K
Chapter 5 H81HMT 28
29 Chapter 5 H81HMT
BOILING AND CONDENSATION
Condensers and boilers are
widely used type of heat
exchanger with unique
characteristics of heat transfer at
the condensing and boiling sides.
When a vapour is in contact with
a surface at a temperature below
the saturation temperature,
condensation occurs.
30 Chapter 5 H81HMT
Condenser
Reboiler
31 Chapter 5 H81HMT
Two types of condensation
Filmwise:
if the condensation takes place continuously over the
surface and the condensed liquid is removed from the
surface by gravity,
Dropwise:
if traces of oil (or promoters i.e. stearic acid, oleic acid,
benzyl mercaptan) present on a highly polished
surface, the film of condensation is broken into droplets
HT dropwise 10 times > HT filmwise
Filmwise cover entire surface which act as resistance to
HT.
Dropwise is directly exposed to vapor or heat.


32 Chapter 5 H81HMT
Types of condensation
In the analyses of heat transfer during condensation,
filmwise is normally assumed
33 Chapter 5 H81HMT
NUSSELTS THEORY OF FILM CONDENSATION
The presence of a liquid
film over the surface
become a thermal
resistance to heat flow.
Nusselts theory will
serve as a basis for
analyses.
Consider the
condensation of a vapour
on a vertical plate
x and y are the
coordinate axis
34 Chapter 5 H81HMT
Heat balance
The condensate thickness is presented by o.
Nusselt made the following assumptions:
Plate is maintained at a uniform temp T
s
, which is
less than the saturation temp T
sat
of the vapour.
Condensate flow is laminar.
Fluid properties are constant.
Shear stress at liquid vapour interface is
negligible.
Acceleration of fluid within the condensate layer
is neglected.
Heat transfer across the layer is by pure
conduction, hence the liquid temperature profile is
linear.

35 Chapter 5 H81HMT
FOR CONDENSATION ON VERTICAL SURFACES
Laminar flow:






Where subscript l = liquid,
L = height of surface/tube,
h
fg
= latent heat of condensation of vapour.
All physical properties are determined at
T
f
= (1/2)*(T
wall
+ T
vapour
)


1/4
wall vapour l l
3
fg v l l
l
) T (T k
L )gh (
13 . 1
k
hL
Nu
(
(

= =
36 Chapter 5 H81HMT
1/4
fg l l l
)h ( g
) ( 4
(x)
(
(

= =
v

o
x T T k
h
k
s sat l l
x
l
EXAMPLE 8
Dry saturated stream at a pressure of 2.45bar condenses on
the surface of a vertical tube of height 1m. The tube surface
temp is kept at 117C. Estimate the thickness of the
condensate film and the local heat transfer coefficient at a
distance of 0.2m from the upper end of the tube.
The properties of water at 2.45bar are:
Saturated vapour:
T
sat
=127C;
v
=1/v
g
=1/0.731=1.368kg/m
3
; h
fg
=2183kJ/kg
Saturated water:
T
f
=122C=395K;
l
=1/v
l
=1/(1.062x10
-3
)=941.6kg/m
3
;

l
=227x10
-6
N.s/m
2
; k
l
=687x10
-3
W/mC
Answer: 0.09mm; 7633W/m
2
K
Chapter 5 H81HMT 37
POOL BOILING
The heat transfer characteristic is hard to predict
even in the simplest boiling system!
It is a very complex phenomenon.
Nukiyama was the first to study the pool boiling
phenomena.
Figure (next slide) illustrates the characteristic of
pool boiling for water at 1 atm.
38 Chapter 5 H81HMT
39 Chapter 5 H81HMT
A
Free convection regime: energy transfer from the
heater surface to the saturated liquid is by free
convection (I)
Nucleata boiling regime: bubbles are formed on
the surface of the heater and separated into two
regions (II & III).:
(II) The bubbles condense in liquid without reaching
the liquid surface.
(III) As the increasing temp and more bubbles are
formed, the bubbles rise to the surface.
Maximum heat flux, a.k.a critical heat flux at A
40 Chapter 5 H81HMT
Film boiling regime: After the peak heat flux is
reached, any further increase in temperature
reduces the heat flux.
This phenomenon is due to the blanketing of the
heater with vapour film, restrict liquid flow to surface
and has a low thermal conductivity.
The film boiling can be further separated into 3
regions:
(IV) Unstable film: the vapour film is unstable, collapsing
and reforming under convective currents.
Heat flux reduces due to decreased wetted area of the
heater.

41 Chapter 5 H81HMT
(V) Stable film: the heat flux drops to a
minimum, because continuous vapour film
covers (blankets) the heater surface.
(VI) Radiation: the heat flux begins to increase
Because the temperature is sufficiently high at the
heater surface for thermal radiation effects to
enhance heat transfer
42
Nucleate Boiling
Film Boiling
Chapter 5 H81HMT
CORRELATIONS
Nucleata Pool Boiling :




43
3
7 . 1
1/2
v l
x
Pr
) (
q
|
|
.
|

\
|

A
(

=
l fg sf
e pl
fg l
h C
T C
g
h
o

q
x
= surface heat flux, Q/A=rate of water evaporate x h
fg
/A, W/m
2
K;
h
fg
= latent heat of consensation, J/kg;
k
v
= thermal conductivity of vapour;
C
pl
= specific heat capacity, J/kg K;
D = outside tube diameter,
v
= viscosity of vapour;
T
e
= excess temp, T
s
T
sat
, C;
Pr
l
= Prandtl number of saturated liquid;

l
= liquid viscosity, kg/ms;
= surface tension of liquid vapour interface, N/m;
g = gravitational acceleration, m/s
2
;
C
sf
= a constant determined from experimental data;

v
= density of saturated vapour, kg/m
3

Chapter 5 H81HMT
Chapter 5 H81HMT 44
Values of C
sf
for
various fluid-surface combination

Fluid-surface combination C
sf
Water-copper 0.013
Water-platinum 0.013
Water-brass 0.006
Water-ground & polished stainless steel 0.008
Water-mechanically & polished stainless
steel
0.013
EXAMPLE 9
Water is boiled at a rate 30 kg/h in a copper pan, 30 cm in
diameter, at atmospheric pressure. Estimated the temp of the
surface of the pan assuming nucleate boiling conditions.
The properties of water at atmospheric pressure:
Chapter 5 H81HMT 45
T
sat
: 100 C

l
= 957.9kg/m
3

v
= 0.5955kg/m
3

h
fg
= 2257 J/kg;
C
pl
= 4217J/kg K;
Pr
l
= 1.76;

l
= 279x10
-6
Ns/m
2
;
58.9x10
-3
N/m;
Answer: 118.52C
Summary
1. Able to differentiate between force and natural
convective heat transfer.
2. Able to solve force convective problems using
different experimental correlations.
3. Able to solve and calculate the convective heat
transfer coefficient.
4. Able to explain how to perform heat transfer
through tube banks.
5. Able to understand the concept of boiling and
condensation.

Chapter 5 H81HMT 46
Consider a square plate 0.5 x 0.5 m with one surface
insulated and the other surface maintained at uniform T =
385 K which is placed in quiescent air at atmospheric
pressure at T = 315 K. Calculate the average heat transfer
coefficient for free convection for the following orientations
of the hot surface:
a) The plate is horizontal, hot surface faces up
[6.17 W/m
2
C]
Assuming turbulent condition in (a)
Data: = 2.076 x 10
-5
m
2
/s, Pr = 0.697,
k = 0.03 W/m.C, | = 2.86 x 10
-3
K
-1

Chapter 5 H81HMT 47
EXAMPLE 10
EXAMPLE 11
Calculate the free convection heat transfer
coefficients on a square plate 0.5 x 0.5 m
considered in the above question
(EXAMPLE.10) using the simplified
equations for air. Compare your results with
the above qeustion.
[6.26 W/m
2
C]

Chapter 5 H81HMT 48