CELLULAR

COMMUNICATIONS
3. DSP: A crash course
Signals
DC Signal
Unit Step Signal
Sinusoidal Signal
Stochastic Signal
Some Signal Arithmetic
Operational Symbols
Time Delay Operator
Vector Space of All Possible
Signals
Shifted Unit Impulse (SUI) signals
are basis for the signal vector
space
Periodic Signals
Periodic Signals have another basis signal:
sinusoids
Example: Building square wave from sinusoids
Fourier Series
Another version Fourier Series
Complex Representation
Parseval Relationship
Fourier Transform
Works for all analog signals (not necessary periodic)
Some properties
Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT)
FT for discrete periodic signals
Frequency vs. Time Domain
Representation
Power Spectral Density (PSD)
Linear Time-Invariant(LTI)
Systems
Example of LTI
Unit Response of LTI
24
Convolution sum representation of LTI
system
Mathematically
25
Graphically
Sum up all the responses for all Ks
Sinusoidal and Complex
Exponential Sequences
LTI

h(n)
n j
e n x
e
= ) (

=
=
k
k n x k h n y ) ( ) ( ) (

=
e
=
k
k n j
e k h
) (
) (
e

=
e
|
.
|

\
|
=

jn
k
jk
e e k h ) (
e e
=
jn j
e e H ) (
Frequency Response
n j
e
e
e e jn j
e e H ) (
) (
e j
e H



eigenvalue





eigenfunction

=
e e
=
k
jk j
e k h e H ) ( ) (
Example: Bandpass filter
Nyquist Limit on Bandwidth
Find the highest data rate possible for a given bandwidth, B
Binary data (two states)
Zero noise on channel
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Period = 1/B
Nyquist: Max data rate is 2B (assuming two signal levels)
Two signal events per cycle

Example shown with band
from 0 Hz to B Hz (Bandwidth B)
Maximum frequency is B Hz
Nyquist Limit on Bandwidth
(general)
If each signal point can be more than two states, we can have a
higher data rate
M states gives log
2
M bits per signal point
10 00 11 00 00 00 11 01 10 10 01 00 00 00 11
Period = 1/B
General Nyquist: Max data rate is 2B log
2
M
M signal levels, 2 signals per cycle

4 signal levels:
2 bits/signal
Practical Limits
Nyquist: Limit based on the number of signal
levels and bandwidth
Clever engineer: Use a huge number of signal
levels and transmit at an arbitrarily large data rate
The enemy: Noise
As the number of signal levels grows, the differences
between levels becomes very small
Noise has an easier time corrupting bits
2 levels - better margins 4 levels - noise corrupts data
Characterizing Noise
Noise is only a problem when it corrupts data
Important characteristic is its size relative to the
minimum signal information

Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SNR = signal power / noise power
SNR(dB) = 10 log
10
(S/N)
Shannons Formula for maximum capacity in bps
C = B log
2
(1 + SNR)
Capacity can be increased by:
Increasing Bandwidth
Increasing SNR (capacity is linear in SNR(dB) )
Warning: Assumes
uniform (white) noise!
SNR in linear form
Shannon meets Nyquist
From Nyquist: M B C
2
log 2 =
From Shannon:
) 1 ( log
2
SNR B C + =
Equating: ) 1 ( log log 2
2 2
SNR B M B + =
) 1 ( log log 2
2 2
SNR M + =
) 1 ( log log
2
2
2
2 2
SNR M +
=
SNR M + =1
2
SNR M + = 1
1
2
= M SNR
or
M is the number of levels
needed to meet Shannon Limit
SNR is the S/N ratio needed to
support the M signal levels
Example: To support 16 levels (4 bits), we need a SNR of 255 (24 dB)
Example: To achieve Shannon limit with SNR of 30dB, we need 32 levels
) 1 ( log log
2
2
2
SNR M + =