VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTION

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ector position v
a as expressed be can D - 3 in equation curve or line A
k j i r z y x + + =
: equation parametric in the
) (t f x =
) (t g y =
) (t h z =
k j i r ) ( ) ( ) ( (t) t h t g t f + + =
) ( ), ( ), ( (t) t h t g t f = r
DOMAIN
Example 1
( ) ( )
Determine the domain of the fo11owing function
cos ,1n 4 , 1
So1ution:
The first component is defined for a11 's.
The second component is on1y defined for 4.
The third component is on1y defined for
t t t t
t
t
= +
<
r
| )
1.
Putting a11 of these together gives the fo11owing domain.
1, 4
This is the 1argest possib1e interva1 for which a11 three
components are defined.
t >

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k j i r ) 4 ( 3 ) ( of graph Sketch the (b)
line. the
sketch Then (2,3,-1)? and (1,2,2) points the passes
that line straight a of equation line the is What (a)
2
t t t + + =
Example 2
k j i r ) 2 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2 3 2 ) 2 1 (
2 2 ) 2 3 (
1 1 ) 1 2 ( Hence,

Then . (2,3,-1) ) z , ( , 1 when and
) 2 , 2 , 1 ( ) , ( , 0 n that whe Suppose (a)
1 1 1
0 , 0 0
+ + + + + =
+ = + =
+ = + =
+ = + =
= =
= =
t t t t
t t z
t t y
t t x
,y x t
z y x t
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Solution :
0 0 1
) ( P t P P P + =
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Thus, the line:
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3 plane
on the 4 parabola the is graph the is, ch whi
4 z , 3
that find we Thus,
4 , 3 ,
are curve the of equations Parametric (b)
2
2
2
=
=
= =
= = =
y
x z
x y
t z y t x
Solution :
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function following the of each of graph Sketch the
1 , ) ( t t = r
(a)
(b) t t t sin 3 , cos 6 ) ( = r
Solution :
The first thing that we need to do is plug in a few values
of t and get some position vectors. Here are a few,
(a)
Example 3
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The sketch of the curve is given as follows (red line).
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Solution :
(b)
As in Question (a), we plug in some values of t.
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The sketch of the curve is given as follows (red line).
function following the of each of graph Sketch the
k j i r ct t a t a t + + = sin cos ) (
Example 4
CIRCULAR HELIX

functions scalar a is Result ) ( ) ( ) )( (
functions vector are Results
) ( ) ( ) )( (
) ( ) ( ) )( (
) ( ) ( ) )( (
) ( ) ( ) )( (

Then
. of function scalar a is and of fucntions are G and F Suppose
theorem. following the have we Thus
vectors. of properties l operationa e inherit th functions Vector
t t t
t t t
t t t
t t t
t t t
t t
G F G F
G F G F
F F
G F G F
G F G F
=

=
=
=
+ = +
| |
|
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THEOREM 2.1
k j i
k j i k j i
G F G F
G F G F
F G F
k j i G
k j i F G F
) sin 5 ( )
1
( ) (
5
1
) sin (
) ( ) ( ) )( ( (i)
) )( ( (iv) ) )( ( (iii)
) )( ( (ii) ) )( ( (i)
find , 5
1
) ( and
sin ) ( by defined and functions vector For the
2
2
2
t
t
t t t
t
t t t t
t t t
t t
t e t
t
t t
t t t t
t
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ = +

+
+ + =
+ =
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Example 4
Solution :
) ( ) sin 5 ( )
sin
5 (
5
1
sin
) 5
1
( ) sin (
) ( ) ( ) )( ( (iii)
) sin ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) )( ( ) ii (
2 2
2
2
2
k j i
k j i
k j i k j i
G F G F
k j i
F F
t t t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t t t
t
t t t t
t t t
t e te e t
t e t e
t t t
t t
+ + + =
=
+ + + =
=
+ =
=
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Solution :
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Solution :
t t
t
t t t t
t t t
sin 5 1
) 5
1
( ) sin (
) ( ) ( ) )( ( (iv)
3
2
+ =
+ + + =
=
k j i k j i
G F G F
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Example 5
24 6 ) (
12 2 6 ) (

4 ) 5 2 ( 4) (3 ) (
if ), ( and ), ( Find
2
3 2
k i F
k j i F
k j i F
F F
t t
t t t
t t- t t
t t
+ =
' '
+ + =
'
+ + + =
' ' '
Solution :
G
F G
F G F
G
F G
F G F
G F
G F
F
F
G F
+ =
+ =
=
=
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
c c
dt
d
) ( ) (iv
) ( iii) (
) ( ) ii (
) ( (i)
then , scalar a is c
and function vector able differenti are and If : 4.3 Theorem
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THEOREM 2.2
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t t
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
sin 11 cos ) 1 (5
) cos sin ( ) 3 10 (
) sin (cos ) 5 (
) ( ) i (

2
2
3 2
+ =
+ +
+ + =
+ =
j i k j i
j i k j i
G
F G
F G F
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Example 6
) ( (iii) ), ( (ii) ), ( (i)
find , cos sin ) ( , 5 ) ( If
3 2
F F G F G F
j i G k j i F

= + =
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
t t t t t t t
Solution :
5 3
2
2 3 2 3
2 3 2
6 2 100
2 ) ( ) iii (
) cos 11 sin sin (5
t) sin 3 cos ( - t) cos 3 sin (
0 cos sin
3 1 10
0 sin cos
5
) ( ) ii (
t t t
dt
d
dt
d
t t t t t
t t t t t t
t t
t t
t t
t t t
dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
+ + =
=
+
+ =
+ =
+ =
F
F F F
k
j i
k j i k j i
G
F G
F G F
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Solution :
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INTEGRATION OF VECTOR
FUNCTIONS
) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) (
then b], [a, on of and , ,
functions integrable some from ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( If
ise. componentw done also is functions vector of n Integratio
b
a
k j i F
k j i F
} } } }
+ + =
+ + =
b
a
b
a
b
a
dt t h dt t g dt t f dt t
t h g f
t h t g t f t
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Example 7
Solution :
k j i
k j i
k j i F
k j i F
F
80 2 - 42
] ) 5 ( ) 2 [(
4 ) 5 2 ( ) 4 3 ( ) (
4t ) 5 2 ( ) 4 3 ( ) (
if ) ( Find
3
1
4 2 2 3
3
1
3
3
1
3
1
3
1
2
3 2
3
1
+ =
+ + + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ + + =
} } } }
}
t t t t t
dt t dt t dt t t dt t
t t t t
dt t
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}
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
a
dt
dy
dt
dx
L
2 2
}
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
a
dt
dz
dt
dy
dt
dx
L
2 2 2
In 2-space
In 3-space
In general,
}
=
b
a
dt
d
L
r
Notes: Smooth Curve
The graph of the vector function defined by
r(t) is smooth on any interval of t where is
continuous and .

The graph is piecewise smooth on an interval
that can be subdivided into a finite number of
subintervals on which r is smooth.
'
r
( )
0 t
'
= r
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Find the arc length of the parametric curve
4
3
0 ; 2 , sin , cos ) (
3 3
t
s s = = = t z t y t x a
1 0 ; 2 , , ) ( s s = = =

t t z e y e x b
t t
Find the arc length of the graph of r(t)
4 2 ; 6
2
1
) ( ) (
2 3
s s + + = t t t t t a k j i r
t 2 0 ; 2 sin 3 cos 3 ) ( ) ( s s + + = t t t t t b k j i r
4
3
: = L Ans
1
:

= e e L Ans
58 : = L Ans
5
13 2
:
t
= L Ans
Example 8
Example 9
If r(t) is a vector function that defines a smooth graph,
then at each point a unit tangent vector is



( )
( )
( )
t
t
t
'
=
'
r
T
r
UNIT TANGENT VECTOR
( )
( )
3
a) Find the derivative of 1 sin 2
b) Find the unit tangent vector at the point where 0.
t
t t te t
t

= + + +
=
r i j k
Example 10
curve. the to nt vector unit tange the is where

as by denoted ), ( curve the vector to
normal unit principle the define we , 0 If
T
N r
T
t
dt d =
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) ( '
) ( '
T
T

t
t
dt d
dt d
T
T
N = =
UNIT NORMAL VECTOR
). ( curve the to ly, respective vector
unit principal the and nt vector unit tange the are and where

as defined is curve a of vector binormal The
t r
N T
B
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BINORMAL VECTOR
N T B =
( )
Find the unit normal and binormal
vectors for the circular helix
cos sin t t t t = + + r i j k
Example 11
curve. the to nt vector unit tange the is where

as defined is ) ( curve smooth a of curvature The
T
r t k
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) ( '
) ( '
t
t
dt d
dt d
r
T
r
T
= = k
CURVATURE
3
k
' ''

=
'
r r
r
Curvature is the measure of how sharply a curve r(t) in
2-space or 3-space bends.
Find the curvature of the helix traced out by



( )
2sin , 2cos , 4 t t t t = r

Example 12
Radius of Curvature
as defined is curvature of radius its then
), ( curve smooth the of curvature the is If

k t r
k

1
=

then time, is where r(t), ector position v
by given curve the along moves particle a If
t
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dt
d
t
r
v = = ) ( velocity
2
2
) ( on accelerati
dt
d
dt
d
t
r v
a = = =
dt
ds
t = = ) ( speed v
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Example 13
. 2 when
particle the of on accelerati and speed velocity, the Find
sin cos ) (
by given is after time particle a of ector position v The
3
=
+ + =
t
t t t t
t
j i r
Solution :
k j i
k j i v
k j i
r
v
12 42 . 0 9 . 0
) 2 ( 3 ) 2 (cos ) 2 (sin
2 when
) 3 ( ) (cos ) (sin
velocity obtain the we , w.r.t ating Differenti
2
2
+ ~
+ + =
=
+ + = =
t
t t t
dt
d
t
k j i
k j i a
k j i
v
a
a
v
12 9 . 0 0.42
) 2 ( 6 ) 2 sin ( ) 2 cos ( , 2 when
6 ) sin ( ) cos (
by given is on accelerati The
04 . 12 ) 2 ( 9 1 , 2 when
9 1 ) 3 ( ) (cos ) sin (
by given is any time for speed The
4
4 2 2 2 2
+ ~
+ + = =
+ + = =
~ + = =
+ = + + =
=
t
t t t
dt
d
t
t t t t -
t
u
u
u
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Example 14
k j i r
r
k j i v
v
+ =
+ + =
2 ) 0 ( particle
the of ) ( ector position v the Find
2 cos ) (
by given is motion in particle a of Velocity
2
t
t t e t
t
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( ) ( ) ( )
C
C e
c c
C
t
t e
c
t
c t c e
tdt dt t dt e t
dt d
t
t
t
+ =
+ + + =
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + =
=
} } }
i
k j i r
k j i
k j i
k j i
k j i r
r v

2
) 0 ( 2 sin
) 0 (
3
1
) 0 (
c C where
2
2 sin
3
1

)
2
2 sin
( )
3
1
( ) (
2 cos ) (
have we , Since
3 0
3 2 1
3
3 2
3
1
2
Solution :
k j i
k j i k j i r
k j i
k j i i
r
) 1
2
2 sin
( ) 1
3
1
( ) 1 (
)
2
2 sin
(
3
1
) (
obtain we Hence
C
2
obtain we ), 0 ( of e given valu the using By
3
3
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ =
+ = +
t
t e
t
t e t
C
t
t
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Find the position vector R(t), given the
velocity V(t) and the initial position R(0) for
( ) ( )
2 2
; 0 4
t
t t e t = + = + V i j k R i j k
Example 15
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