ANALOG AND MIXED MODE VLSI

DESIGN

Review
10EC72
Syllabus
Unit I
10 Hrs
Review of single-stage amplifiers, differential amplifiers and their
frequency response.
Operational amplifiers: General considerations, One-Stage Op amps, Two-
Stage Op amps, Gain Boosting, Comparison, Input Range Limitations, Slew
Rate, Power Supply Rejection.

Unit II
09 Hrs
Stability and frequency compensation: General considerations, Multipole
Systems, Phase Margin, Frequency Compensation, Compensation of Two-
Stage Op amps, Other compensation Techniques.
Introduction to switched-capacitor circuits: General considerations,
Sampling Switches, Switched-Capacitor Amplifiers, Switched-Capacitor
Integrator.

Unit III
09 Hrs
Filters: Introduction to Filters, Filter Transmission, Types, and Specification,
The Filter Transfer function, Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters, First-order
and Second-order Filter functions, The second-order LCR Resonator,
second-order Active filters based on inductor replacement.

Syllabus
Unit IV
10 Hrs
Data converter fundamentals: Analog Versus Discrete Time Signals,
Converting Analog Signals to Digital Signals, Sample-and-Hold
Characteristics, Digital-to-Analog Converter Specifications, Analog-to-
Digital Converter Specifications, Mixed-Signal Layout Issues.
DAC architectures: Digital Input Code, Resistor String, R-2R Ladder
Networks, Current Steering, Charge Scaling DACs, Cyclic DAC, Pipeline
DAC.

Unit V
09 Hrs
ADC architectures: Flash ADC, Two-Step Flash ADC, Pipeline ADC,
Integrating ADCs, Successive Approximation ADC, Oversampling ADC.
Data Converter Modeling: Sampling and Aliasing, Quantization Noise.


Reference Books
Behzad Razavi; Design of Analog CMOS Integrated
Circuits; McGrawHill Edition; 2002;ISBN: 0-07-238032-2;
A. Williams and F. Taylor: Electronic Filter Design
Handbook; 4th edition; McGraw-Hill; 2006; ISBN: 0-07-
147171-5;
Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith; "Microelectronic Circuits";
Oxford university press; 5th edition; 2004; ISBN: 0-19-
514252-7;
R. Jacob Baker, Harry W. Li and David E. Boyce; CMOS
Circuit Design, Layout and Simulation; IEEE Press; 2002;
ISBN: 81-203-1682-7;
R. Jacob Baker; CMOS Mixed-signal Circuit Design; IEEE
Press; 2009; ISBN: 978-81-265-1657-5;

REVIEW
MOSFET, Amplifiers, and Frequency responses
Outline
MOSFET
Small signal model
Single stage amplifiers
Frequency response
Differential amplifiers
Frequency response
MOSFET
Enhancement type
MOSFET - cutoff

MOSFET - Linear

MOSFET - Linear

MOSFET - Saturation

Output characteristic curve

Nmos Relative terminal vtg. levels

Exercise - 1
Given:

= 1,

= 20
2

Exercise - 2
Given: |V
t
|= 2V, K
p
W/L= 1mA/V
2
. Find V
1
&V
2
Exercise -3
Given:
|V
t
|=1V,
p
C
ox
=8 A/V
2
,
n
C
ox
=20A/V
2
.
Channel pinch-off

Channel pinch-off

=
1
2

=
1
2

=
1
2

2

Since,

1 1

1
1 +

=
1
2

2
1 +

=
1
2

2
1 +

Early voltage

=
1
2

2
1 +

0
=

=
1
2

0
=

=
1

Basic structure of CS amp
DC output vtg.

0
=

Switch

= 0

= 0 NMos is in cut-off

= 0,
0
=

>

>

= small
0

NMOS is in Saturation

= large
0
0
NMOS is in Linear
Basic structure of the common-source
amplifier

Q - point

Illustration (AC+DC)

Conceptual circuit
Input is Composed of 2 Components
AC + DC

Similarly the output current can be decomposed
into 2 Components
AC + DC

=
1
2

2
=
1
2

=
1
2

2
+

+
1
2

2


1
2
3
Non-linear current Component
Note: I
D
has 3 components and the 3
rd
Component is a non-linear
term, which is undesirable.
i.e. Compared to 2
nd
term, the 3
rd
term should be negligible

1
2

2

2

Thus under this condition

=
1
2

2
+

The AC current component is

Transconductance


In the linear region

1
2

Transconductance



In the Saturation region

=
1
2

=
2

=
2

= 2

Transconductance

Transconductance

Small-signal operation of the
enhancement MOSFET amplifier

T
o
t
a
l

i
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s

Body Effect

=
0
+ 2

Exercise
Small signal model

Exercise-1
Given:

= 1,

= 20
2
,

= 20,

= 2, =
0,

= 5, = 10. Calculate i) the small signal gain,

ii)the largest allowable input-swing

Circuit Impedance - 1

Circuit Impedance - 2

Circuit Impedance - 3

Circuit Impedance - 4

Circuit Impedance - 5

Equivalent Transconductance - 1

Equivalent Transconductance - 2

Equivalent Transconductance - 3