Many Filipinos took refuge in Europe and initiated in

Spain a crusade for reforms in the Philippines. The

emergence of more Filipino illustrados gave birth to a
unified nationalist movement. This campaign was
known in our history as the Propaganda Movement.
These reforms were as follows:

equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws

restoration of the Philippine representation in the Spanish
Cortes

secularization of Philippine parishes and the expulsion of
the friars

human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech,
freedom of the press, and freedom to meet and petition for
redress of grievances
Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitn, better known by
his pen name Plaridel. He was the second and last editor
of the La Solidaridad, the newspaper of the Reform
Movement in Spain
A lawyer and journalist from thetown of Bulacan
He wrote his anti-friar pamphlets in simple yet forceful
Tagalog

In 1882, he helped establish the first bilingual(in Spanish and Tagalog)
newspaper, the Diariong Tagalog. He became the editor of the Tagalog section
Between 1887-1888, he released Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Mockeries),
a manual of anticlerical commentary in the format of novena
He left the Philippines in October 1888 to escape the prosecution of the friars
Graciano Lopez Jaena

Graciano Lpez Jaena was a journalist,
orator, revolutionary, and national hero
from Iloilo, the Philippines, who is well
known for his newspaper, La Solidaridad
He wrote Fray Botod or Friar Potbelly (circa 1874) where
he ridiculed a cleric named Fray Botod, who arrived looking like
a hungry mosquito and soon became stout because of the stocks
taken from the people. Because of his anticlerical literature, he
moved to Madrid where he joined other Filipino expatriates into
journalism

Jose Rizal

Jos Protacio Rizal Mercado y
Alonso Realonda was a Filipino
nationalist, novelist, poet,
ophthalmologist, journalist, and revolutionary.
He is widely considered as one of the greatest heroes of the
Philippines.
Born to a well-to-do family in Calamba, Laguna.
In 1882, he went to Spain and studied medicine at the
Universidad Central de Madrid.
His prestige was greatly enhanced by the publication of his socio-
historical novel Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) in 1887.
Other great Filipino propagandists

Pedro A. Paterno, lawyer

Antonio Luna, pharmacist and essayist

Pedro Serrano Laktaw, teacher-tutor of Prince Alfonso de
Bourbon(later King Alfonso X111 of Spain)

Isabelo de los Reyes, folklorist and newspaperman

Juan Luna, known for his monumental painting Spoliarium and,
*
Felix Resureccion Hidalgo, acclaimed for his masterpiece
~ Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins
Exposed to the Rabble), also joined the movement for reforms.
In 1882 Juan Atayde, a Spaniard born in Manila
founded the Circulo Hispano-Filipino.
Unfortunately, the society did not stay long due to
shortage of funds and also because of the lack of
confidence of the members in Atayde.

Professor Miguel Morayta, Rizals professor at
Central University of Madrid, tried to form the
Asociacion Hispano-Filipino in 1889.
La Solidaridad (Solidarity)


a purely Filipino organization was established in
Barcelona on December 31, 1888. This took place at a
traditional New Years Eve banquet with Galicano
Apacible as president and Graciano Lopez Jaena as
vice-president. Rizal who was in London during that
time, was named as the honorary president.
To make known the objectives of the Propaganda,
Graciano Lopez Jaena founded a fortnightly
newspaper, La Solidaridad in Barcelona on February
15, 1889.
La Solidaridad was printed in Barcelona from
February 15 to October 31, 1889, then in Madrid,
where it was printed from November 15, 1889 until its
last issue, M.H. Del Pilar became the editor,
replacing Lopez Jaena.
Filipino contributors of La Solidaridad

M.H del Pilar (Plaridel)
Dr. Jose Rizal (Dimas Alang, Laong Laan)
Mariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulako, or Tigbalang)
Antonio Luna (Taga-Ilog)


Foreign contributors of La Solidaridad

Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt
Dr. Morayta
Revolucion

The first masonic lodge was established in Manila in
1856
Founded by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona
This lodge was recognized by the Grande Oriental
Espanol headed by Morayta in April 1889
It ended after Lopez Jaena resigned as Worshipful
Master on November 29, 1889
*The following month, M.H del Pilar, with the help
of Julio Llorente, organized Lodge Solidaridad in
Madrid, with the latter as the first Worshipful
Master. Grande Oriente Espanol recognized it in
May 1890. Lodge Solidaridad eventually prospered
that other Filipinos joined it, including Dr. Rizal,
Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Baldomero Roxas, Galicano
Apacible, and others.


The first masonic lodge in Manila

They wanted a dignified, free and prosperous country
with a democratic regime and a genuine and effective
autonomy, and a good government.

They wanted representation in the Cortes as well as the
declaration of the country as a Spanish province, with
all the rights and obligations.


Rosario Villaruel
Trinidad Rizal
Romualda Lanuza
Josefa Rizal
Marina Dizon
Sixta Fajardo
Valeriana Legazpi
Purificacion Leyva
La Liga Filipina (July 3, 1892)

was founded by Rizal at the residence of Doroteo Ongjunco in
Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila.
President: Ambrosio Salvador
Secretary: Deodato Arellano
Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevalo
Fiscal: Agustin dela Rosa
Among these present in the meeting were Pedro Serrano
Laktaw (Panday Pira), Domingo Franco (Felipe Leal), Jose
A. Ramos (Socorro), Moises Salvador (Araw), Faustino
Villaruel (Ilaw), Numeriano Adriano (Ipil), Apolinario
Mabini (Katabay), and Andres Bonifacio (May Pag-asa).
The leagues motto Unus Instar Omnium (one like all) served as
an avowal of their ideals.
* objectives of the Liga were:
the unification of the whole archipelago into one compact,
vigorous, and homogenous body
protection in cases of want and necessity
defense against violence and injustice
encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce
the study and implementation of reforms
The goals of La liga were to be carried out by the
Supreme Council, the Provincial Council, and the Popular Council.
Each member of the league had to pay 10 centavos as monthly dues.
The members ought to choose a symbolic name.
*July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested by order of
Governor General Despujol and subsequently
imprisoned at Fort Santiago. The following day, the
governor general ordered the deportation of Rizal to
Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte as punishment for his
allegedly subversive materials.