INDUSTRIAL BUILDING

Raju sharma
Assistant Professor
Chandigarh university, Gharuan
Mohali

Industrial building are low rise steel structures, housing
workshops or industries, and characterized by there
comparatively low height and absence of interior walls
and partitions. To provide more working space, interior
columns are either all together avoided, or else are very
widely spaced in big industrial buildings.
Industrial building may be classified in to :
Normal or simple building
Sophisticated industrial building
Normal industrial buildings consist of single storied
industrial sheds, with or without gantry girder, to house
workshops, warehouses or factories, and do not contain
intermediate columns
Sophisticated industrial buildings, usually called steel mill
buildings, are used to house big industries in which some
manufacturing processes, need spaces with specific and
controlled environment condition. when the roof truss is
attached to, and is supported by steel columns at the ends,
the assembly is known as bent or a mill bent
Bents are braced together at intervals which depend
on character of the building, its width , length ,
covering , exposure etc. Two bents braced together
form a braced bay. The space between two column
lines is called an aisle
Bents are braced together
at intervals which depend
on character of the
building, its width, length,
covering, exposure etc.
Two bents braced together
form a braced bay. The
space between two column
lines is called an aisle

1. Purlins
2. Sag rod
3. Principal Rafter
4. Roof truss
5. Gantry Girder
6. Bracket
7. Column and Column base
8. Girt
9. Bracing
Purlins should be located on panel points of top chord
members. However it depends upon the type of roofing
materials also. Generally the spacing of purlins varies
from 1.35m to 2.0 m.
Angle iron purlins are used
for smaller spacing of trusses (3 to 4 m).For medium
spacing (4 to 5m) one can use channels and for still larger
spans , I sections my be used. If angles are used,
outstanding legs are at top and lug angles are used to
connect the purlin to rafter.
G I Sheets (Galvanized Iron Sheets)
A.C (Asbestos sheets)
G I Sheets
Corrugated iron sheets are galvanized for protecting against corrosion and are
used as roof coverings. The common size of GI sheets are
i. 8 corrugations, 75 mm wide and 19 mm deep which have overall width
of 660 mm.
ii. 10 mm corrugations, 75 mm wide and 19 mm deep which have overall
width of 810mm.
iii. The sheets are available in the gauges 16,18,20 and 25 (thickness =
25/gauge mm)


A. C. Sheets
I. Better insulator for sun heat compared to GI
sheets
II. Commonly used in the factories and godowns
III. Common shapes, corrugated and traffold.
IV. Length available 1.75, 2.0, 2.5 and 3 m
V. Thickness of 6mm and 7mm available.
VI. Maximum permissible spacing is 1.4 m for 6mm
sheets and 1.6m for 7mm thick sheet
The main loads on trusses are
1. Dead load
2. Imposed load
3. Wind load
4. Other load

Dead Load
It includes weight of sheeting's, purlins, bracings , self
weight and other suspended from trusses.
G I sheets- 85 N/mm
A.C. Sheets 130 N/mm
The following are the two formula used for
calculating the self weight of truss
(i) w = 20 + 6.6 L N/mm for a LL of 2 kN/mm

If live load is more ,the above value is to be
increased by LL/2

(ii) W = 10 (L/3 +5) s/4 N/mm
S = spacing of trusses
Imposed load
Normally no access is provided in sloping roofs with
sheets. In such cases IS 875 part II makes the
following provisions for live loads for the design of
sheets and purlins

Up to 10 slope: 0.75 kN/mm
for more than 10 slope: 0.75-0.02 ( -10) where is
slope of sheeting
However a minimum of 0.4 kN/m live load should be
considered in any case.
For the design of trusses the above live load may be
reduced to 2/3
rd

The purlins and sheets should be checked for
concentrated load of 0.9 kN at the worst position
Overhead travelling Cranes are used in industrial
building to lift and transport heavy jobs, machines
and so on from one place to another. The crane may
be
(i) Manually (hand) operated overhead travelling
crane
Electrically operated overhead travelling crane
(E.O.T)
Vertical Load
Longitudinal Trust Lateral Load










The reaction from the crane girder, acting vertically
downwards.
The longitudinal thrust, due to starting or stopping of
crane, acting in the longitudinal direction
The lateral thrust, due to starting/stopping of the crab
acting horizontally
Vertical Loads
(i) Crane girder consist of the self-weight of the crane
(ii) Self weight of the crab and the crane capacity
For reaction maxi wheel load is computed ,it occurs when the
crab is nearest to the gantry girder
Lateral Loads
(i) Thrust due to the sudden stopping of the crab and load when
traversing the crab girders
(ii) Crab girder weight across the shop floor
Longitudinal Loads
Its caused due to the stopping or starting of the crane girders
and produce a thrust while breaking and starting. The lateral
and longitudinal thrust are transferred at the rail level.
Therefore gantry girder are subjected to bending moment due
to these loads

IMPECT LOAD AS PER IS : 875-1964



Type of Load Additional Load
(a) Vertical force transferred to
the rails
(i) For electric overhead crane 25% of maxi static wheel load

(ii) For hand operated crane 10 % of maximum static wheel load
(b) Horizontal forces transverse to
the rails
(i) For electric overhead crane 10% of the weight of the crab and
the weight lifted on the crane
(ii) For hand operated cranes 5% of the weight of the crab and the
weight lifted on the crane
(c) Horizontal force along the rails 5% of the static wheel load
1. It subjected to vertical loads + horizontal thrust
Therefore the allowable stress are increased by 10 %.
2. Either of the two forces specified in previous table
should be considered to act along the vertical loads at
a time.
3. The vertical deflection of a gantry girder should not
exceed the values specified below


Where the cranes are manually operated L/500
Where the cranes are travelling
overhead and operated electrically up
to 500 kN
L/750
Where the Cranes are travelling
overhead and operated electrically
over 500 kN
L/1000
Other moving loads, such as charging
cars etc. where L= Span of the gantry
girder
L/600
1. Find the maximum wheel load. The worst case of
loading occurs when the crane and its load are drawn to
the column. The vertical reaction of the crane girder is
transferred through its two wheels on the gantry girder.
The maximum wheel load is half of this reaction. This
maximum wheel load is increased for the impact as
specified previously in table. lateral thrust is avoided
because full load carrying crab will move slowly

2. Bending moment calculated due to the maximum
wheel load including impact and the BM due to dead
load of the girder and rails. The wheel load BM is
maximum when the two wheels are in such a
position that the C.G of the wheel loads and one of
the wheel loads are equidistant from the center of
the gantry girder (only one crane is running over the
girder
3. The maximum shear force is computed. This consist of
shear force due to wheel loads and dead loads from the
gantry girder and rails. The shear due to the wheel load is
maximum when one of the wheels is at the support (if
only one crane is running over the girder)
4. The lateral forces on the girder and the maximum B.M &
Shear due to these are calculated. The position of the
wheel is same as in step 2 and 3
5 The plastic section modulus, of the trial section is found
by the equation Mp =fy x 2x ( A/ 2) x y = fy A y = zp fy

A y is equal to plastic modulus Zp
since gantry girder are laterally unsupported beam, a trial
section may be obtained by
zp,required = (1.4 to 1.5) x (Mu / fy )
Generally an I-section with a channel section on its top
flange is provided. For the trial section take the section
modulus 40 to 50% more than the calculated (laterally
unsupported ).
Economical depth of the girder < 1/12 of the span except
when the load are small in relation to span

Width of the flange should be in between (1/40 to 1/ 30 of
the span to prevent excessive lateral deflection.
The properties of the section such as Zez,ey,pz,py calculated
6) Section is Classified. Preference should be given to the
flanges and web which can be classifiable as plastic.
b/tf < 8.4 (for both channel and I section separately)
d/tw < 84
7) The girder is checked for moment capacity. The girder may
be laterally supported or unsupported; the latter case being
the most common



When lateral support is provided throughout the compression
(top) flange level of gantry girder by a catwalk or so, the trial
section should be checked for the moment capacity of the whole
section by the following equation
Mdz = (b Zpz fy/ mo) 1.2 (Zez fy/ mo)
The design bending strength so determined should be greater than
the applied bending moment.
when the compression flange is laterally unsupported, the girder
is checked the same way but by replacing fy with fbd, the bending
compressive stress



Local Moment capacity of the girder is checked
( Zpz x fy/ mo) 1.2 Zez x fy/ mo
Combined local capacity of the flange is checked. The top
flange should be checked for bending about both the axes by the
following interaction equation
(Mz/Mdz +My,f/Mdy,f) 1.0
Mz = moment about zz axis due to vertical and lateral/
longitudinal loads
My,f = maximum moment about yy- axis due to lateral load
Mdz = bending strength of the section about zz axis
Mdy,f = bending strength of the compression flange about yy
axis
9) The girder is checked for buckling resistance. The elastic
critical moment may be calculated using the
following equation. It must be remember that this
equation is valid for only I section beams.
Mcr = c1 ( EIy hy)/2L LT)) x
(1+(1/20)x(KL/ry)/(hf/tf)))0.5

the bending strength of the section is determined by
Mdz = (b Zpz fbd >Mz

The section should be checked for biaxial bending using the
interaction formula
(Mz/Mdz +My/Mdy) 1.0
The section is checked for shear capacity
shear capacity = AvFyw/(3 mo) > maximum shear force
11) Buckling of the web under wheel load is checked.
Bucking resistance = (b1+n1)tw fcd> maximum wheel load
where b1= dia of the wheel
n1 = dispersion length under wheel (assuming
dispersion angle of 45)
12) The girder is checked for bearing. if required bearing
stiffeners are provided
13) Rivets/ bolts or weld connecting the channel to the I- section are
designed.
14) Deflection of the gantry girder under service loads may be
computed assuming, the wheel loads placed with their c.g
coinciding with the mid span. The deflection will be given by
cal = WL x((3a/4L)- (a / L))/6EI
where L= span of the girder
a= (L-c)/2
c= wheel base
The deflection so determined must be less than the permitted
15) The girder is checked for fatigue strength
16) The bracket and its connection with column are designed.
in case bolted connection are used, non slip bolts should
be preferred. A pair of bracket plates, one of each flange of
I section column, connected with a diaphragm is provided
to make a seat for gantry girder

Design a gantry girder to be used in an industrial building carrying a
manually operated travelling crane, for the following data.
Crane capacity 200 kN
Self-weight of the crane girder excluding trolly 200kN
Self-weight of the trolly, electric motor, hook etc. 40 kN
Approximate minimum approach of the crane hook to the gantry girder
= 1.20 m
Wheel base = 3.5m
C/C distance between gantry rails- 16m
C/C distance between gantry rails - 8m
Self weight of the rail section - 300 N/m
Diameter of crane wheels 150N/m

Steel is of grade Fe 410. Design also the field welded connection if
required .The support bracket connection need not to be designed