Ccna

CCNA Guide to Cisco
Networking Fundamentals
Fourth Edition
Chapter 12
Basic Switching and Switch
Configuration
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition 2
Objectives
Explain the technology and media access control
method for Ethernet networks
Explain network segmentation and basic traffic
management concepts
Explain basic switching concepts and the operation
of Cisco switches
Perform and verify switch configuration tasks
Implement basic switch security
Ethernet Operations
Ethernet
A network access method (or media access
method) originated by the University of Hawaii, later
adopted by Xerox Corporation
And standardized as IEEE 802.3 in the early 1980s
Ethernet is:
Most pervasive network access method in use
Most commonly implemented media access method in
new LANs
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)
Ethernet contention method
Any station connected to a network can transmit
anytime a transmission is not present on the wire
Interframe gap, or interpacket gap (IPG)
After each transmitted signal, each station must wait a
minimum of 9.6 microseconds before transmitting
another packet
CSMA/CD (continued)
Collisions
Two stations could listen to the wire simultaneously
and not sense a carrier signal
Both stations might begin to transmit their data
simultaneously
Once a collision is detected, the first station to detect
the collision transmits a 32-bit jam signal
Tells all other stations not to transmit for a brief period
The two stations that caused the collision use an
algorithm to enter a backoff period
CSMA/CD (continued)
Collision domain
The physical area in which a packet collision might
occur
Routers, switches, bridges, and gateways segment
networks
And thus create separate collision domains
The 32-bit jam signal that is transmitted when the
collision is discovered prevents all stations on that
collision domain from transmitting
CSMA/CD (continued)
Broadcasts
Stations on a network broadcast packets to other
stations to make their presence known on the network
And to carry out normal network tasks
When a segment has too much broadcast traffic:
Utilization increases
Network performance in general suffers
Simple ways to reduce broadcast traffic:
Reduce the number of services on your network
Limit the number of protocols in use on your network
CSMA/CD (continued)
Broadcast storm
A sudden rush of network transmissions that causes
all other network communications to slow down
Due to the volume of data competing for access to the
same bandwidth on the communications medium
One of the most common causes of broadcast
storms is a network loop
Latency
Latency, or propagation delay
The length of time that is required to forward, send, or
otherwise propagate a data frame
Latency differs depending on the resistance offered
by the transmission medium, the number of nodes
And in the case of a connectivity device, the amount of
processing that must be done on the packet
Transmission time
The amount of time it takes for a packet to be sent
from one device to another
Latency (continued)
Latency (continued)
Bit time
Refers to the amount of time required to transmit one
data bit on a network
Slot time (512 bit times)
An important specification that limits the physical size
of each Ethernet collision domain
Specifies that all collisions should be detected from
anywhere in a network in less time than is required to
place a 64-byte frame on the network
Ethernet Errors
Frame size errors
Short frame or runt
Long frame or giant
Jabber
Frame check sequence (FCS) error
Indicates that bits of a frame were corrupted during
transmission
Can be caused by any of the previously listed errors
Ethernet Errors (continued)
Collision errors
Reducing the number of devices per collision domain
will usually solve the problem
You can do this by segmenting your network with a
router, a bridge, or a switch
Late collision
Occurs when two stations transmit more than 64 bytes
of data frames before detecting a collision
Ethernet Errors (continued)
Fast Ethernet
Uses the same CSMA/CD as common 10BaseT
Ethernet
Provides ten times the data transmission rate100
Mbps
Defined under the IEEE 802.3u standard
Implementations
100Base-TX
100Base-T4
100Base-FX
Gigabit Ethernet
Recent advances in technology have allowed us to
reach even higher speeds than those of Fast
Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet implementations
1000Base-TX (802.3ab)
1000Base-SX (802.3z)
1000Base-LX (802.3z)
1000Base-CX (802.3z)
Half- and Full-Duplex Communications
Half-duplex communications
Devices can send and receive signals, but not at the
same time
Full-duplex (or duplex) communications
Devices can send and receive signals simultaneously
Ethernet networks can use equipment that supports
half- and full-duplex communications

(continued)
Benefits of using full-duplex:
Time is not wasted retransmitting frames because
collisions do not occur
The full bandwidth is available in both directions
because the send and receive functions are
separate
Stations do not have to wait until other stations
complete their transmissions because only one
transmitter is used for each twisted pair
(continued)
On a Cisco Catalyst 2950 switch, you can set the
duplex capabilities port-by-port
The four different duplex options are:
Auto
Full
Full-flow control
Half
A Review of LAN Segmentation
You can improve the performance of your Ethernet
network
By reducing the number of stations per collision
domain
Typically, network administrators implement bridges,
switches, or routers to segment the network and
divide the collision domains
Segmenting with Bridges
Bridge
Segments a network by filtering traffic at the Data Link
layer
Divides a network into two or more segments
Only forwards a frame from one segment to another if
the frame is a broadcast or has the MAC address of a
station on a different segment
Bridges learn MAC addresses by reading the source
MAC addresses from frames
As the frames are passed across the bridge
Segmenting with Bridges (continued)
Bridging table
Maps the MAC addresses on each segment to the
corresponding port on the bridge to which each
segment is connected
Bridges increase latency, but because they
effectively divide the collision domain
This does not affect slot time
Segmenting with Bridges (continued)
Remember these points:
Bridges reduce collisions on the LAN and filter traffic
based on MAC addresses
A bridge does not reduce broadcast or multicast
traffic
A bridge can extend the useful distance of the
Ethernet LAN
The bandwidth for the new individual segments is
increased
Bridges can be used to limit traffic for security
purposes
Segmenting with Routers
Router
Operates at layer 3 of the OSI reference model
Interprets the Network layer protocol and makes
forwarding decisions based on the layer 3 address
Routers typically do not propagate broadcast traffic
Thus, they reduce network traffic even more than
bridges do
Routers maintain routing tables that include the
Network layer addresses of different segments
Segmenting with Routers (continued)
When you segment a LAN with routers, they will:
Decrease collisions by filtering traffic
Reduce broadcast and multicast traffic by blocking or
selectively filtering packets
Support multiple paths and routes between them
Provide increased bandwidth for the newly created
segments
Increase security by preventing packets between
hosts on one side of the router from propagating to the
other side of the router
Segmenting with Routers (continued)
When you segment a LAN with routers, they will:
(continued)
Increase the effective distance of the network by
creating new collision domains
Provide layer 3 routing, packet fragmentation and
reassembly, and traffic flow control
Provide communications between different
technologies, such as Ethernet and Token Ring or
Ethernet and Frame Relay
Have a higher latency than bridges, because routers
have more to process; faster processors in the router
can reduce some of this latency
LAN Switching
Switches
Similar to bridges in several ways
Using a switch on a LAN has a different effect on the
way network traffic is propagated
Segmentation with Switches
Switches are often called multiport bridges
Switch typically connects multiple stations
individually
Thereby segmenting a LAN into multiple collision
domains
Switches microsegment the network
By connecting each port to an individual workstation
Switched bandwidth
Bandwidth is not shared as long as each workstation
connects to its own switch port
(continued)
(continued)
Switch latency is typically higher than that of a
repeater or hub
Faster processors and a variety of switching
techniques make switches typically faster than bridges
Switches provide the following benefits:
Reduction in network traffic and collisions
Increase in available bandwidth per station
Increase in the effective distance of a LAN by dividing
it into multiple collision domains
Increased security, because unicast traffic is sent
directly to its destination
Switch Operations
A switch learns the hardware address of devices to
which it is attached
By reading the source address of frames as they are
transmitted across the switch
The switch then matches the source MAC address
with the port from which the frame was sent
The MAC-to-switch-port mapping is stored in the
switchs content-addressable memory (CAM)
The switch uses a memory buffer to store frames as
it determines to which port(s) a frame will be
forwarded
Switch Operations (continued)
Types of memory buffering:
Port-based memory buffering
Shared memory buffering
Asymmetric switching
Some switches can interconnect network interfaces of
different speeds
Symmetric switching
Switches that require all attached network interface
devices to use the same transmit/receive speed
Switching Methods
All switches base frame-forwarding decisions on a
frames destination MAC address
The three main methods for processing and
forwarding frames are:
Cut-through, store-and-forward, and fragment-free
One additional forwarding method, adaptive cut-
through forwarding
A combination of the cut-through and store-and-
forward methods
Switching Methods (continued)
Cut-Through Forwarding
Switches that use cut-through forwarding start
sending a frame immediately after reading the
destination MAC address into their buffers
The main benefit of cut-through forwarding is a
reduction in latency
The drawback is the potential for errors in the frame
that the switch would be unable to detect
Because the switch only reads a small portion of the
frame into its buffer
Cut-Through Forwarding (continued)
Store-and-Forward Forwarding
Store-and-forward switches read the entire frame,
no matter how large, into their buffers before
forwarding
Because the switch reads the entire frame, it will not
forward frames with errors
The store-and-forward method has the highest
latency
Store-and-Forward Forwarding
(continued)
Fragment-Free Forwarding
Fragment-free forwarding represents an effort to
provide more error-reducing benefits than cut-
through switching
While keeping latency lower than does store-and-
forward switching
A fragment-free switch reads the first 64 bytes of an
Ethernet frame
And then begins forwarding it to the appropriate
port(s)
Fragment-Free Forwarding (continued)
Fragment-Free Forwarding (continued)
Adaptive cut-through
For the most part, the adaptive cut-through switch will
act as a cut-through switch
To provide the lowest latency
However, if a certain level of errors is detected, the
switch will:
Change forwarding techniques
Act more as a store-and-forward switch
Switch User Interface
Two types of operating systems are in use on Cisco
switches: IOS-based and set-based
You can connect to a Cisco switch in the same way
you connect to a Cisco router
The Cisco switch has a console port to which you
can connect your laptop or PC
Once you power on the switch you will be in the
command-line interface
You can configure anything from the command line
Modes and Passwords
You cannot actually configure a switch until you get
to enable mode
To enter enable mode, type enable at the
command-line prompt and then press Enter
The first step in configuring a switch is to set up a
password
To start configuration mode, first type configure
terminal or config t at the command prompt
You can also configure a secret (encrypted)
password
Setting the Host Name
The actual task of setting the host name on the
Cisco Catalyst switch is identical to setting the host
name on a Cisco router
To configure this name, you would type:
Switch(config)#hostname name
Once the host name is set, the prompt will change to
reflect the name of the switch
IP on the Switch
By default, Cisco switches are not configured with
IP addresses
Generally speaking, a switch does not require an IP
address
Because switches operate mainly on Layer 2
You may want to configure an IP address for your
switch so that you can manage it over the network
Also, you may need to configure an IP address for
your switch if you want to implement VLANs on
your network
Configuring Switch Ports
To enter interface configuration mode for the first
port of a switch named Rm410HL, you would use
the following commands:
Rm410HL#configure terminal
Rm410HL(config)#interface f0/1
Rm410HL(config-if)#
To view the configuration of a port, use the show
command
Configuring Switch Ports (continued)
Configuring the duplex mode
You would use the following command to set the
duplex mode:
Rm410HL#configure terminal
Rm410HL(config)#interface f0/24
Rm410HL(config-if)#duplex full
Securing Switch Ports
You can choose from several degrees of security
on a switch
First, you can configure a permanent MAC address
for a specific port on your switch
Second, you could define a static MAC address
entry into your switching table
Which maps a restricted communication path between
two ports
To configure port security, you first must enter the
interface configuration mode
Securing Switch Ports (continued)
You can display several options by typing the
following command:
Rm410HL(config-if)#switchport port-
security ?
Options include aging, mac-address, maximum,
and violation
To turn switchport security off, use:
Rm410HL(config-if)#no switchport port-
security
To clear the settings to include erasing the static
MAC addresses, use the clear command:
Rm410HL(config-if)#clear port-security
Summary
Ethernet (CSMA/CD) is a media access method
that was developed in the 1960s
Stations on an Ethernet LAN must listen to the
network media before transmitting to ensure that
no other station is currently transmitting
If two stations transmit simultaneously on the same
collision domain, a collision will occur
The transmitting stations must be able to recognize
the collision and ensure that other stations know
about it by transmitting a jam signal
Summary (continued)
The delays caused by collisions on a network can
seriously affect performance when collisions
exceed 5% of the traffic on the collision domain
Switches do the most to divide the collision domain
and reduce traffic without dividing the broadcast
domain
A switch microsegments unicast traffic
Another way to increase the speed at which a LAN
operates is to upgrade from Ethernet to Fast
Ethernet
Full duplex can also improve Ethernet performance
Summary (continued)
Full duplex allows frames to be sent and received
simultaneously
As with Fast Ethernet, full-duplex operations are
only supported by devices designed for this type of
communication
The two types of operating systems on Cisco
switches are IOS-based and set-based
Configuring a switch is similar to configuring a
router through the CLI
Switches can provide some level of security
through the use of port security commands

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