adult human

tallest trees
chicken egg
frog embryo
most eukaryotic cells
mitochondrion
most bacteria
virus
proteins
atoms
diameter of DNA
double helix
Quick Review:
Where does most of the cell's work take place?


What happen to the proteins once they leave
the golgi apparatus and enter the cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm
become plasma membrane protein,
stay in the cytoplasm for use in the cell,
stored in vesicles until needed for transport.
What is a Cell?
Cell: basic or smallest living unit of life of
a living organism.
Protoplasm: complex jelly-like substance.
70% is water; rest is mineral salts,
proteins, carbohydrates, fats.
Made up of 3 main parts:
(i) Cytoplasm
(ii) Cell surface membrane
(iii)Nucleus

Part of the protoplasm between cell
membrane & nucleus

Jelly-like fluid in which many chemical
reactions or cell activities take place.

90% water; enzymes, organelles
(specialized structures)
(i) Cytoplasm
flagellum
cytoplasm
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
ribosome
mitochondrion
Golgi
complex
plasma
membrane
vesicle
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
free ribosome
vesicle
nuclear pore
chromatin (DNA)
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
nucleus
Partially-permeable membrane
Controls movement of substances into and
out of the cell.
Allows only some substances to cross it.
(e.g. small molecules: glucose, water, O
2
,
CO
2
- prevents larger molecules from crossing:
starch, proteins
(ii) Cell surface membrane
An electron micrograph of a cell membrane
(of a human red blood cell) seen in cross-section.

made of proteins and fats
double phospholipid layers
(fats, proteins, phosphate groups)
Parts of a nucleus:
- Nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus

Nucleoplasm: dense material inside nucleus
Nucleolus(1) or nucleoli (2): Making proteins.
Control cell activities
e.g. cell growth, repair of worn-out parts.
Essential for cell division.

(iii) Nucleus
nuclear
pores
chromatin
nucleolus
nuclear
envelope
Chromatin: Network of long, thread-like structures
Contains hereditary material (DNA and proteins),
instructions for the cell to carry out all chemical
reactions
Controls cell division
Chromosomes: when chromatin threads condense
and become highly coiled during cell division (rod-
shaped)
Non-living layer
Made up of Cellulose (a complex sugar)
Surrounds cell membrane of plant cell
Fully permeable to water, gases, dissolved
substances
- Protects the plant cell from injury
- Supports and gives a fixed shape to plant cell
Plant cells Cell Wall
Membrane Network
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
0.5 micrometers
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
vesicles
ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
0.5 micrometers
2 types: rough and smooth
For synthesis and transport of substances
Rough ER (RER): ribosomes are attached on
outer surface
Continuous with nuclear envelope
Transports proteins made by ribosomes to
Golgi Apparatus for secretion out of the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER (SER): no ribosomes attached on
outer surface
Makes substances fats, steroids (sex
hormones in mammals)
Detoxification converts harmful
substances into harmless materials.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Small round structures
Needed to make proteins in the cell
1. Attached to RER membrane make
proteins that are transported out of
the cell

2. Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm
make proteins that are used within
cytoplasm of the cell
Ribosomes
Stack of flattened spaces surrounded by
membranes
Vesicles: tiny round structures enclosed by a
membrane
Fuse on one side and pinch off from opposite
side of Golgi apparatus

Stores and modifies substances made by
ER
Packages the substances in vesicles for
secretion out of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
ORGANELLES
MITOCHONDRION (mitochondria):

Power house of a cell
Aerobic respiration: food substances are oxidized
to release energy
Energy is used for cell activities e.g. growth,
reproduction, movement etc.
Oval shaped structures
Contain green pigment chlorophyll
Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis, for plants
to make food
PLANT CELLS - Chloroplasts
VACUOLES
Fluid-filled space enclosed by membrane
Storage of various substances
Animal cells: many small vacuoles; store
water, food. Exist temporarily
Plant cells: one large, central vacuole, filled
with cell sap, contains dissolved substances
e.g. sugars, mineral salts, amino acids, helps
to maintain shape of plant cell
Membrane tonoplast
ORGANELLES
chloroplast
central vacuole
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
ribosomes
cell wall
mitochondrion
Golgi complex
plasma
membrane
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
free ribosome
vesicle
nuclear pore
chromatin
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
nucleus
CENTRIOLES
Small, hollow cylinders.
Found as a pair near the nucleus.
Play an important part in cell division.
Only in animal cells. Absent in plant cells.
ORGANELLES
Differences between plant and animal cells
Feature Plant cell Animal cell
Cell wall Cell wall present Cell wall absent
No. and size of
vacuoles
1 large permanent
vacuole
Numerous small
vacuoles
Relative size Large Small
Chloroplast Chloroplasts present Absent
Shape Regular, elongated,
cylindrical
Irregular
Centrioles Centrioles absent Centrioles present

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