CHAPTER 2

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
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THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS
LESSON
After attended this lecture student should be able to:-
1. Outline the development of public administration
2. Identify the political scholars and leaders that contribute to the
development of public administration
3. Explain the development of public administration in Malaysia.



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INTRODUCTION
The study on the history and development of public
administration is actually focus on three major issues.
The major scholarly movements that contribute to the
formation and establishment of public administration.
The institutional development of public administration
The factors that are shaping the discipline.


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THE MAJOR SCHOLARLY MOVEMENTS IN
USA
1. Early 16 century -The classic scholars such as
Plato, Aristotle and Machiavelli. The birth of
national state. The governors principally
emphasized on moral and political human nature.
The first Western expressions on the
methodology of government. Max Weber (1864
1920) Theory of Bureaucracy.
2. Mid 1800s to 1930s - Lorenz von Stein (1815
1890) the founder of the science of public
administration. Wodroow Wilson (1856 1924) the
farther of public administration. The
congressional government and of the major
concept is Separation of politics and
administration (political and administrative
dichotomy).
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1940s - Luther Halsey Gulick, III (1892 1993)
summarized the duties of administrators with an
acronym; POSDCORB, which stands for
planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating, reporting, and budgeting .
Post- World War II - 1970s - The mid-1940s
theorists challenged Wilson and Gulick. The
politics-administration dichotomy remained the
center of criticism in the third generation. In
addition to this area of criticism, government
itself came under fire as ineffective, inefficient,
and largely a wasted effort.

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1980s - In the late 1980s, yet another generation of
public administration theorists began to displace the
last. What was called New Public Management was
proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler . The
new model advocated the use of private sector
innovation, resources, and organizational ideas to
improve the public sector.
1990s - In the late 1990s, Janet and Robert
Denhardt proposed a new public service model. This
model's chief contribution is a focus on Americans as
"citizens" rather than "customers". Accordingly, the
citizen is expected to participate in government and
take an active role throughout the policy process.
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Year 2000 - New public management (NPM) focusing
on themes of reintegrating government responsibilities,
needs-based holism (executing duties in cursive ways),
and digitalization (exploiting the transformational
capabilities of modern IT and digital storage).

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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN
MALAYSIA
Pre-colonial Period ( before 1500) The Malay
Rulers dominated the state administration (Feudal
System). Sultan appointed the administrative officials
among the people to implement the Rulers Orders
and Instructions. Maintaining law and Collecting taxes.
British Colonial Period (1874 1957) British colonial
introduced British administration by following the
Westminster (England) style of public service. British
Colonial appointed British Residents to implement
British Colonial Policy. British Colonial Civil Servants
(MSC & MAS) played important roles in administering
the Federated and Non-Federated Malaya States.
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Post-Independent Period (1957 1970) The first Prime
Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman established government
of The Federation of Malaya and the formation of
Malaysian in 1963. Parliamentary Democracy and
Constitutional Monarchy by maintaining the British style
of administration. The Federal Constitution and till now is
the supreme law. Two types of Malaysian Civil Service
was established to implement the government policy. The
Diplomatic Service (PTD) and General Service (PTA).
The government was the main provider of public
services.

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NEP Period (1971 1990) The Mei 1969 tragedy. Tun
Abdul Razak (1971 1976) took over the Premiership from
Tunku Abdul Rahman and established MAGERAN. Under
Tun Razak NEP was formulated. Public administration
played very important role in social and economic
development. Look East Policy and BCA the motto of public
administrative. (Red Book) Rural development was the
focus eg: FELDA & FELCRA. MAMPU Modernization and
Manpower Planning Unit (1977) . Continued by Tun
Hussain Onn (1976 1981) & & Tun Dr. Mahathir.
Development Era


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1990s Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad (1981
2003) became the fourth Prime Minister. He
introduced the Vision 2020, Malaysian
incorporated, privatisation and Islamization policy
to change and improve the government. Several
government agencies were privatized eg; Telekom
and TNB. He established many government
company (GLCs) to run government business
(PROTON).
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CONT..
MAMPU - Modernization and Manpower Planning
Unit was established. The major government
activities was on development of mega projects
such as (development of KLIA). Public
administration has become the major provider and
facilitator of private activities. 1996 the government
introduced MSC and e-government as the new
initiative to increase the application of ICT in the
public sector. PFI source of financing of
government projects (development highways
PLUS).
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Year 2000 Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (2003 2009)
as the fifth Prime Minister. Not many policy changes was
introduced. The principles of Islam Hadhari, Concept of
good governance and integrity (NIP) in the public sector
was also introduced. The enhancement of ICT
applications in the public sector. Government website as
the online media to disseminate information and deliver
services.

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2009 - Datuk Seri Mohd Najib Tun Razak became the
sixth Prime Minister. After the appointment, he Introduced
1Malaysia concept. Najib is also introducing KPI to
ensure that every government agencies achieve the
targets set by the government in delivering public
services to citizens. The slogan Rakyat didahulukan
Pencapaian di utamakan

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BEFORE INDEPENDENCE
Each individual state was administered by an administrator
assigned by the Sultan.
Colonial government rules through its civil servants.
During the transition stage before the country achieved full
Independence in 1957, several political parties were created.
In Peninsular Malaysia, many of the political functions were
performed by British civil servants who belonged to the
administrative service, the former Malayan Civil Service
(MCS).
Administration was meant for the preservation of law and
order.
There was limited public expenditure (spending).
Administration with the intention to collect various taxes.
Administration was not elaborative and centered mostly on the
ruler.


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AFTER INDEPENDENCE
After Independence, the composition of the
administrative branch of the civil service changed from a
British-dominated to a Malay-dominated.
It is more to people-centered.
Focus on 5 year plan improving basic structure and
social needs.
Establishment of standard of service delivery.
Modification of structure and role of government
department.
Establishment of specific department.
English language as a mediator.
Many vacancies in MCS direct entry for Malay.
More representation of MCS.
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CONCLUSION
The development or evolution of public administration in
a particular country is significantly related to the social
and economic development of the state. The government
and public administration is transforming themselves to
maximize public value. The existence of contemporary
public administration is significantly related to the past
and present scenario to ensure that citizens get the best
assistance from the government.
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TUTORIAL DISCUSSION
How the evolution and development of public
administration in Malaysia?
Who are the leaders that involve in designing the
formations of the Malaysian public administration?
What are the main institutional features of public
administration in Malaysia?
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