Introduction To Umts - Simplified

All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel Egypt / July 2005
Introduction to UMTS
PS&S/ND/DSE
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel France / August 2005
UTRA - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

2 modes:
W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band
uplink and downlink are separated in frequency
TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band
uplink and downlink are separated in time
flexible time duration for uplink and downlink for asymmetrical
traffic

FDD Mode
F
UL/DL
TDD Mode
1900 1920 1980
FDD UL
TDD
UL/D
L
TDD
UL/DL
MSS
UL
2010 2025
MSS
DL
2110 2170 2200
FDD DL
F
UL
F
DL
UTRA FDD - Characteristics
W-CDMA multiple access
Frequency band Region 1 (Europe)
Uplink: 1920-1980 MHz
Downlink: 2110-2170 MHz
Carrier Bandwidth
2x5 MHz (theor. occupied bandwidth=Chiprate 3,84 Mcps)
Services
Both circuit and packet data and asymmetric bitrates
User bitrate up to 384 kbit/s
FDD foreseen for Macro- and Microcellular coverage

UMTS Radio Access Network
Internet
Core
Network
RNC
RNC
ISDN
Node B
Node B
Radio Access
Network
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Iub
Iu
Iur
Delay
sensitive
+
-
Data
Integrity
sensitive
-
+
QoS Classes
4 classes have been identified:
conversational
AMR speech service
Video telephony
CS: H324
PS: H323
streaming
interactive
location based services
computer games
background
e-mail delivery
SMS ...

WCDMA Basics
PS&S/ND/DSE
Multiple Access Techniques
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
uses band pass for carrier signal which are
non-overlapping in the frequency domain

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
carrier signals are non overlapping in the
time domain

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
spreads the signal over the entire available
bandwidth by using codes with good
correlation properties
F Fr re eq qu ue en nc cy y
T Ti i m me e
P Po ow we er r
O On ne e U Us se er r
F Fr re eq qu ue en nc cy y
T Ti i m me e
P Po ow we er r
U Us se er r
Power
Time
Frequency
One User
Carrier 1 Carrier 2
W-CDMA
W-CDMA = Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Users are separated with code sequences (spreading/de-
spreading technique)
All users are transmitting simultaneously on the same
frequency
In FDD mode, different frequencies are used on uplink and
downlink

Spread spectrum technique
The user bits are coded with a unique sequence (code).
The bits of the code are called chips and the chip rate is
higher than the user bit rate

Time
Domain
Bandwidth = 3.84 Mhz for UMTS
Code
Ci(t)
Resulting spread signal
Di (t) = Si (t) x Ci(t)
Bit
1
Bit
2

Source signal Si (t)
before spreading
Frequency
Domain
Narrowband signal
Bit Rate =Rb
Chip Rate =Rc = 3.84 Mcps in UMTS
Chip Rate =Rc
Spreading Factor
SF =Rc/Rb
Spreading / Despreading
In the receiving path, de-spreading
is achieved by auto-correlation
with the same code
Due to low cross-correlation
properties with other codes, the
received signal energy is increased
compared to noise and other signal
interference
The gain due to despreading is
called processing gain
Example for 12.2 AMR speech:
dB
kbps
kcps
Rate Bit User
Rate Chip
PG 25 75 . 314
2 . 12
3840
= = = =
Spreading and scrambling codes
Spreading codes (channelization codes)
used to differentiate mobiles and services
different lengths (spreading factor) according to service in UMTS
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) in UMTS
Scrambling codes
used to differentiate un-synchronized codes (from other UEs or Node-Bs)
1 scrambling code per sector on downlink
PN code family in UMTS
DL
UL
UE
Descrambling Despreading
Spreading
OVSF
(Service identifier)
Scrambling
PN
(User identifier)
Node B
Spreading
OVSF
(Service/ user identifier)
Scrambling
PN
( Cell identifier)
Descrambling Despreading
Channelization codes
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) are used for
channelization, that means for spreading
The codes are mutually orthogonal, if they are synchronized
in the time domain
Codes are taken from the OVSF code tree
Following codes are not allowed to be used:
Codes between a used code and the code tree root
Codes following a used code

Spreading codes: OVSF code tree

Up to SF=256
OVSF : Orthogonality property
Codes free
Codes used
Spreading codes
Code tree organisation
C
256, 0
P-CPICH
C
256,1
P-CCPCH
C
256, 2
PICH
C
256, 3
AICH
C
64, 1
S-CCPCH

x 16
SF256
SF128
SF64
SF32
SF16
Not available
Available
Used by DL DPCH
Interference limiting system
Thanks to spreading/de-spreading
Desired signal is raised
Interference signals are kept low

However the level of interference must be controlled to
to avoid receiving too much interference and not being able
to discriminate useful signal
spreading Despreading
B
Channel
W
Thermal Noise
B
Processing
gain

UE 1
UE 2
Before despreading
After despreading
Near-Far-Problem
Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2
If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam UE2
: so-called near-far effect
Solution : power control
Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND
fast fading!
Power Control
TX Power is adjusted regularly so that each connection is
received with the required Eb/Nt of its service
Uplink: Avoid Near-Far-Problem
Downlink: Power share allocation

Policy: No one gets a higher quality (Eb/Nt) than he needs.
Everyone gets exactly the required quality or is not served
at all
no unnecessary increase of interference for other mobiles
no waste of common power resource in the downlink

Interference limited
When the number of users in the cell increases, the interference
level increases (noise rise), the required received power at the
base station to reach a given E
b
/N
t
(quality) increases

For high interference level, the required received power becomes
infinite: power control is unstable pole capacity
Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of simultaneous users per sector
I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

l
e
v
e
l

r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

t
o

N
o
i
s
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B
)
Cell breathing
Considering the limitation of maximal transmit power,
the increase of required received power due to high
traffic will lead to decrease the cell range

The cell coverage decreases when the traffic
increases : so-called cell breathing phenomenon
Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems
Deployed intersite distance
Load control

In order to avoid power control instability and coverage
holes due to high traffic level, the level of interference
received by a base station should be controlled by means of
admission and load control algorithms
CDMA Uplink capacity
CDMA uplink capacity depends on the service bit rate,
required Eb/No, load (interference) level =>Theory of Pole
point formula (pole capacity) in monoservice

Soft capacity : if a cell is surrounded by lower loaded cells,
this cell can support a higher number of users
1
1
1
b b
o
X
N
E R
F
N W
| |
|
= +
|
+ | |
|
|
\ .
\ .
N : number of simultaneous
users per sector
F : ratio between intracell and
extracell interference
X : cell load level (related to
noise rise)


Interference level as a function of capacity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cell loading (%)
50% of cell load
(3dB of interference)
max loading : 75%
I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B
)

) 1 log( 10
UL
X NoiseRise =
Note:
For cell load above 75 %, the
system gets unstable
Uplink Cell load (monoservice)
The UL cell load is directly linked to the so called Noise
Rise or interference level
100 % UL cell load means infinite mobile power required
monoservice
CDMA downlink
Downlink particularities
The downlink signals of the Node-B are synchronised
In W-CDMA, OVSF spreading codes have orthogonality properties :
less intracell interference
The total transmit power of Node-B is shared between
traffic channels and common channels (pilot, paging,
synchronisation)
A constant part of power is dedicated to common channels
Downlink traffic channels are power controlled. The
maximal transmit power and the dynamic of power have to
be parameterized for each service
The maximal total downlink power is the limiting factor
Other W-CDMA particularities
No frequency reuse pattern
Scrambling code planning required
512 scrambling codes in W-CDMA
Soft-handover capability
RAKE receiver
Radio Environment
PS&S/ND/DSE
UMTS Radio Environment
Propagation model
o No special propagation model currently used for broadband
signals at 2GHz

o Standard propagation model based on Hata-Okumura
model for macrocellular
COST-HATA is only valid for 1500-2000 MHz
Calibration of morpho correction factors required

o ITU is defining a new propagation model which will be valid
for 30-3000 MHz with a particular attention to 2GHz range
Shadowing and Fast fading (1)
Due to reflection and diffraction of the transmit signal on
obstacles, the received signal will suffer from slow and fast
attenuations
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0
.
1
2
.
8
5
.
4
8
.
0
1
0
.
6
1
3
.
2
1
5
.
9
1
8
.
5
2
1
.
1
2
3
.
7
2
6
.
3
2
9
.
0
3
1
.
6
3
4
.
2
3
6
.
8
3
9
.
4
4
2
.
1
4
4
.
7
4
7
.
3
4
9
.
9
Distance [m]
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

P
o
w
e
r

[
d
B
m
]
Lognormal fading
Raleygh fading
Shadowing and Fast fading (2)
In UMTS, power control will fight against shadowing and
fast fading
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1000 2000 3000
Slot Number (0,666 ms)
P
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
m
)
F
a
s
t

f
a
d
i
n
g

v
a
l
u
e
s

(
d
B
)
Fast fading samples (dB)
Transmit power (dBm)
0 1000 2000 3000
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

P
o
w
e
r

a
t

N
o
d
e
-
B

(
d
B
m
)
Transmit power
Received power
Shadowing
Same as in GSM
Slow fading variations due to obstacles (buildings, hills,)
are called shadowing

Shadowing can be modelled as a random variable with
log-normal distribution of 0 mean and standard deviation
that is characteristic of the environment
Normal/Gaussian Distribution
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fade Level
P
r
o
b
a
b
i l i t
y
D
e
n
s
i t
i y
F
u
n
c
t
i o
n
Multipath Diversity
Due to Reflection and diffraction of the transmit signal on
obstacles there is not only one path but a large number of
paths with different delays and amplitudes

In W-CDMA, due to larger bandwidth, RAKE receiver will
take benefit of this diversity

RAKE receiver (1)
RAKE receiver is a spread-spectrum receiver that is able to
track and demodulate resolvable multipath components :
It takes benefit of multipath diversity

In W-CDMA, with 3.84 Mcps, a RAKE receiver will be able
to discriminate multipath having delays higher than one chip
duration (0.26 s)
RAKE receiver
combining
RAKE receiver (2)
It combines the delayed replicas of the transmitted signal to
improve reception quality : time-diversity technique:

Identify the delay positions on which significant energy arrives and
allocate correlation receivers (RAKE fingers) to those peaks

Within each correlation receiver, track the changing phase and
amplitude values and correct them (thanks to pilot symbol estimation)

Combine the demodulated and phase-adjusted symbols across all
active fingers and present them to the decoder for further processing
(maximal ratio combining)

Fast fading (1)
o Each main path is a superposition of multiple paths that are
very close to each other which implies that its amplitude is
Rayleigh distributed
This effect is known as Rayleigh or Fast fading

o Fast fading is not symmetrical (deeper negative fades than
positive fades)

Rayleigh
Small-Scale Fading
Rayleigh PDF
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Slot number (every 0,666ms)
F
a
s
t

F
a
d
i
n
g

v
a
l
u
e

(
d
B
)
Vehicular A 3 km/h
Vehicular A 50 km/h
Vehicular A
Tap
Relative
delay (ns)
Average
power (dB)
1 0 0
2 310 -1
3 710 -9
4 1090 -10
5 1730 -15
6 2510 -20
6 paths with
2 main paths
Veh. A : Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes (90 ms for
3km/h, 5.4 ms for 50km/h)
Fast fading (2)

o Eb/Nt target = minimum required power density (or energy
per bit) over the interference (or noise) power density to
reach target BER/BLER after decoding
C/I = (Eb*Rb)/(No*W) = (Eb*Rb)/(No*Rc) = Eb/No * Rb/Rc

o Example of speech : (Eb/No)target around 6 dB for good
BER means a (C/I)target of 6-25= -19 dB (GSM : 9-12 dB)
(C/I)target dB = (Eb/No)target dB - PG dB
RF Filter
60MHz
Down
Converter
LP Filter
3.84 MHz
D.A.C Digital Filter
Nyquist
Descrambling
Despreading
C/I
Eb/No
chips chips bits
DEMODULATOR
Ec/Io
Decoder
C/I and Eb/No
Link level simulations
o Eb/No figures gives performance for dimensioning
o Eb/No figures depend on service, mobile speed, multipath
channel profile, diversity technique used
o Link level simulations model the transmitter and receiver
channels (coding, decoding, spreading, despreading,
demodulation, power control)
o Link level simulations enable to derive Eb/No figures
according to required BLER target
Reference Sensitivity
= (C/I) +NF + 10log(N
t
W)

= NF +10log(N
t
)+ 10log[(E
b
/N
0
)] + 10log(R
b
)
Service dependent
in dBm
in dB
Receiver Sensitivity
Rx Sensitivity calculation : minimum required C level to
reach a given quality (C/I target) when facing only thermal
noise

Where:
Nt Thermal Noise density, 10log(Nt) =-174 dBm/Hz
(Eb/No) : Service target Eb/No (here: non-logarithmic)
Rb: Service bit rate
NF: Node-B Noise figure in dB

Algorithms
PS&S/ND/DSE
Cell Search
Cell Search
Step 1: Slot synchronization
UE uses SCH primary synchronization code
Primary synchronization code is common to all cells
The primary synchronization code is the same in every slot slot boundary
Step 2: Frame synchronization and code-group identification
UE uses the SCH secondary synchronization code
Correlation with all possible 64 secondary synchronization codes
Step 3: Scrambling code identification
Correlation over the CPICH with all (8) codes of the code-group
P-CCPCH can be detected
Random Access
o UE randomly selects an access slot and a signature
o It transmits a Preamble with Preamble_Initial_Power
o If no answer, it chooses a new slot and a new signature;
power is increased by Power_Ramp_Step
o In case of positive answer, message part is transmitted
Near-Far-Problem
Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2
If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam
UE2 : so-called near-far effect
Solution : power control
Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND
fast fading!

UE 1
UE 2
Before despreading
After despreading
Power control
In UMTS FDD, all users are sharing the same frequency
band
W-CDMA requires power control to minimize the level of
interference (interference-limited system)
Power control is applied on both uplink and downlink
Power control minimizes the transmission power to match
the quality target for each radio access bearer service
No one should get more power than necessary to reach the required QoS
Avoids near-far problem on uplink
Power Control
Need for a fast power control (1)
o The transmit power
must vary in time to
compensate for the
variations of the
attenuation over the air
interface:
attenuation due to distance,
Slow attenuation
(shadowing due to
obstacles)
fast attenuation (fast
fading).
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0
.
1
2
.
8
5
.
4
8
.
0
1
0
.
6
1
3
.
2
1
5
.
9
1
8
.
5
2
1
.
1
2
3
.
7
2
6
.
3
2
9
.
0
3
1
.
6
3
4
.
2
3
6
.
8
3
9
.
4
4
2
.
1
4
4
.
7
4
7
.
3
4
9
.
9
Distance [m]
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

P
o
w
e
r

[
d
B
m
]
Lognormal fading
Raleygh fading
Power Control
Need for a fast power control (2)
o Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes

o Mean time between 2 fading holes at 2 GHz:
90 ms at 3 km/h
5 ms at 50 km/h
2.25 ms at 120 km/h

o In W-CDMA UMTS FDD, the rate of power control is equal
to one power control command every 0.666 ms (1500Hz
vs. 2Hz in GSM)

-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Slot number (every 0,666ms)
F
a
s
t

F
a
d
i
n
g

v
a
l
u
e

(
d
B
)
Vehicular A 3 km/h
Vehicular A 50 km/h
Vehicular A
Tap
Relative
delay (ns)
Average
power (dB)
1 0 0
2 310 -1
3 710 -9
4 1090 -10
5 1730 -15
6 2510 -20
6 paths with
2 main paths
Veh. A :
Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes (90
ms for 3km/h, 5.4 ms for 50km/h)
Power Control
Example of Fast fading according to speed

Power Control
Power Control behaviour
In UMTS, power control will fight against shadowing and fast
fading
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1000 2000 3000
P
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
m
)
F
a
s
t

f
a
d
i
n
g

v
a
l
u
e
s

(
d
B
)
Fast fading samples (dB)
Transmit power (dBm)
0 1000 2000 3000
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

P
o
w
e
r

a
t

N
o
d
e
-
B

(
d
B
m
)
Transmit power
Received power
Power Control
Open and closed loops
o In UMTS, different power control loops are defined:
open-loop power control
closed-loop power control
inner loop
outer loop

o The open-loop enables to compute UE transmit power
(initial traffic channel power or PRACH preamble power)
from system information broadcast by the cell

o The closed-loop enables to compute the transmit power
according to the power control commands (TPC) received
from the opposite link
Power Control
Open loop
No feedback whether the transmit power setting was ok or
not

Uplink
Node-B sends:
output power
needed SIR
uplink interference level
UE calculates output power
from:
Node-B output power
Measured received signal
needed SIR
uplink interference level

Downlink
UE sends:
measurement reports
UTRAN calculates output
power from:
UE measurement reports
Node-B output power
needed SIR
TPC commands
SIR target (FP)
UE
Adjusts Tx power
based on received
TPC commands
NODE B
SIR measurement on UL DPCCH
Generate TPC commands by
comparing the measured SIR to
SIR target
Decode data blocks and generate
CRCI
UL DPCCH/DPDCH
INNER-LOOP
Transport blocks + CRCI (FP)
SRNC
Adjusts SIR target based
on CRCI to reach the
target BLER (given by CN
at RAB assignment
request)
OUTER-LOOP
Node B
Serving RNC
Power Control
Uplink closed loop
Power Control
Uplink inner loop
o TPC command generation every 0.666ms (1500 times per
second)
If SIRmeas > SIRtarget, TPC command = power down one step
If SIRmeas < SIRtarget, TPC command = power up one step

o The step adjustment size is 1dB by default

o SIRtarget is estimated by the outer loop to reach the target
BLER specified for each service
The SIR target is typically determined 10-100 times per second
Power Control
Uplink inner loop
o Algorithm 1:
oIf SIRest > SIRtarget TPC command is -1
oIf SIRest < SIRtarget TPC command is +1
o Upon reception of more than one command: Algorithm 1 is
based on soft symbol decision on each command
o Algorithm 2: after 5 slots
o if all 5 TPC commands are 1 resulting TPC command is +1
o if all 5 TPC commands are 0 resulting TPC command is 1
o otherwise resulting TPC command is 0
o Upon reception of more than one command:
o For each link, compute TPC_cmd(i) as previously over 5 slots
o if 1/N E TPC_cmd(i) > 0.5 resulting TPC command is +1
o if 1/N E TPC_cmd(i) < -0.5 resulting TPC command is 1
o otherwise resulting TPC command is 0
Power Control
Uplink outer loop
o The following algorithm is used :
At each received block:
N
blocks
= N
blocks
+ 1
If CRCI = fail N
errors
= N
errors
+1
If N
blocks
> Ntb
If N
errors
> Nerror_up increase SIR
target
by SIR_up
If N
errors
< Nerror_down decrease SIR
target
by SIR_down
N
blocks
= 0, N
errors
= 0
o The parameters of the algorithm can be configured (one value per
service)
o Thanks to the outer loop, the system will be able to adapt the Eb/No
target (for a target BLER) according to the environment moving
conditions (multipath, speed for instance)
UE
SIR measurement on DL
DPCCH
Generate TPC commands by
comparing the measured SIR
to the SIR target
Decode data blocks and
generate CRCI
Adjusts SIR target to reach
the target BLER
NODE B
Adjusts Tx power
based on received TPC
commands
Node B
TPC
commands
DL
DPCCH/DPDCH
INNER-LOOP
Serving
RNC
SRNC
Signals the target BLER
to the UE via RRC
signaling
Outer
loop
within
UE
Power Control
Downlink closed loop
Target BLER
Power Control
Needs for Power Balancing
o For the DL power control, the UE sends the same TPC
command to all cells in the active set:
When a new link is added the initial DL transmit power is not aligned with
the other cells in the Active Set
When some errors occur during UL transmission, different cells in the active
set may interpret the command differently

o This will cause a decrease of the soft-handover gain since
this gain is the largest when the receive powers from all
cells in the active set are equal.
o Thus, a mechanism, known as Power balancing, is
required
o Alcatel claims 10-15% gain on capacity with power
balancing
UE
CPICH_Ec/Io is
regularly measured by the
UE for all cells in the
active set and reported to
the CRNC via RRC
signaling.
NODE B
Change the DL DPCCH
transmit power of all cells in
the UE active set when
receiving a DL power
control command from the
CRNC
A correction is periodically
performed towards the
reference power
Node B
DL Power control (NBAP)
Serving
RNC
SRNC
Regularly computes
the DL DPCCH power as
for the initial power
Regularly sends a DL
power control command
to all Nodes B in the UE
active set (only for UE in
SHO) DL reference
power
Measurement report (RRC)
Power Control
Power balancing algorithm
Goal = align Node Bs transmitter powers involved in a Soft HO with a UE
Soft Handover (SHO)
Principles
Connection is shifted softly from one cell
to another cell on the same carrier
All Node Bs, which are involved in
soft/softer handover belong to the Active
Set (AS) of the communication
The decision to change the AS will mainly
rely on the measured PCPICH level of
the cell
Max AS size is limited by parameter
settings
All Node Bs from the AS process the
signal from the UE
A softer handover is a soft handover
between different sectors of the same
Node B
The UE receives the same signal from
different cells and therefore from different
paths diversity gain

RNC
Macrodiversity
Received
Pilot
Signal
Node-B 2

3 dB
Node-B 1

In UL selection of the best signal on a frame basis at
RNC level - selection diversity
In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE
receiver at UE
For UL & DL good decorrelation due to different
locations of Node Bs many multipaths
In UL Maximum. Ratio Combining at Node B
In DL Maximum Ration combining due to RAKE
receiver at UE
For UL & DL less decorrelation due to same
location of sectors less multipaths
Soft HO
Softer HO
Soft Handover (SHO)
Macrodiversity gain
RNC
RNC
Soft Handover (SHO)
Report events
oThe UE is told by the UTRAN, which events shall trigger a
measurement report less reports than every 480 ms in
GSM

oThe report is evaluated by the HO algorithm

oFor Release 99 only intra frequency events are defined:
1A - a PCPICH enters the reporting range
1B - a PCPICH leaves the reporting range
1C - a nonactive PCPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH
1D - change of best cell
1E - a PCPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold
1F - a PCPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold
Soft Handover (SHO)
Algorithm example
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Event 1A
Add Cell 2
Event 1C
Replace Cell 1
with Cell 3
Event 1B
Remove Cell 3
As_Th + As_Th_Hyst
AS_Th As_Th_Hyst
As_Rep_Hyst
CPICH 1
CPICH 2
CPICH 3
Time
Measurement
AT AT AT
Only cell 1 in AS
Only cell 2 in AS
Soft Handover (SHO)
UL closed loop Power Control and SHO
oIn SHO, more than one TPC commands are sent to the UE
oThe UE must combine all received TPC commands and get
a single TPC value. If at least one of the Node-Bs in the
active set is sending a power down command, the UE will
reduce its output power.

TPC = Down
TPC = Up
TPC = Down
Soft Handover (SHO)
DL closed loop Power Control and SHO

o As each Node-B processes the UE TPC command
independently power drifting is possible
oOne Node-B performs power up while another one performs power down
oThis would degrade the SHO performance and should be avoided with
slower power control:
oUE sends 3 times the same TPC and Node-B combines all the 3 to improve
accuracy
TPC
Received TPC = Sent TPC ?
Inter-Frequency handover
Hard handover
oRNC can trigger blind hard hand-over or
oThe terminal must make measurements on other frequencies
while still having the connection running on the current
frequency:
Dual receiver
simple handover operation, but expensive receiver

Compressed mode (or slotted mode)
simple receiver, but complicated handover operation

o The information is compressed time periodically (a few ms), in
order to perform measurements on the other frequencies

Downlink
10ms frame Idle period
Compressed
frame
UTRA cell GSM cell
Hard handover
oBlind hand-over: requires overlapping of the source cell by
the target cell

oCompressed mode:
o Transmission and/or reception is stopped during few ms
o UE can do measurements on another frequency
o Frames are compressed to create transmission gaps
Hard handover
o3GPP has defined three methods for compressed mode:
oHigher layer scheduling: through reduction of the data rate
oSpreading factor reduction: PHY data rate is increased
oPuncturing: symbol rate reduction at PHY layer
oMeasurements types:
oGSM Initial BSIC identification
oGSM BSIC reconfirmation
oGSM carrier RSSI
oWCDMA carrier RSSI
Radio Access Control
Principles
o The Radio access control algorithm aims to decide
whether a radio link can be added or reconfigured
o The Radio access control is implemented in the Node B
o To accept adding/reconfiguring a radio link, three criteria
must be fulfilled:
Sufficient UL radio resources (Rx power admission control)
Sufficient DL radio resources (Tx power admission control)
Sufficient Node B processing resources (Channel element admission
control)
o If one of these criteria is not met, the radio link
setup/addition request or radio link reconfiguration prepared
from the CRNC is rejected

Rx power admission control
Rx power admission control principle for Node-B V2:

The Node-B regularly measures the average received power It computes
the resulting level of interference (or cell load) if the new user is accepted

It compares this computed cell load to some thresholds:
cell load threshold in case of link first establishment or reconfiguration
cell load threshold in case of additional link establishment (SHO)
Tx power admission control
Tx Power admission control principle for Node-B v2:

The Node-B regularly measures the average transmit power

Knowing the initial power required for a new link, the Node-B computes the
total power after accepting the new link and can decide to accept or not the
establishment of the link
Channel admission control
Base band admission control :
Based on 4 criteria for Node-B v2
The remaining UL and DL Credits must be sufficient:
total DL bit rate <1536 kbps,
total UL bit rate < 1536 kbps,
total number of channels < 64
The DSPs loads must not be too high,
The number of radio links per Base Band Boards (< 90)
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Introduction To Umts - Simplified

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