IT225: Computer Organizations

August 20, 2014 (Wed)

Lecture 2


Assignments
Reading for today
1.1 (structured computer organization)
1.2 (milestones in computer architecture)
Skim 1.3 (the computer zoo)
1.4.1-1.4.2 (skip 1.4.3) (example computer families)
for Monday
1.5 (metric units)
Ch 2.1.1-2.1.4 (processors)
Watch the following Youtube Video
Inside microchip (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-
KLABVLk
How mircochips are made
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2KcZGwntgg)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4ngrnLULOY


Assignments-continued
Homework#1
Due Wed (August 27
th
) @ 11:55pm
Available right now on Reggienet




Outline
What drives new trends in computer industry?
Technology; cost vs. performance
Structured Computer Organization
The Computer ZOO
Example Computer families
metrics

Review: The Digital Computer
Machine to carry out instructions
A program
Instructions are simple
Add numbers
Check if a number is zero
Copy data between memory locations
Primitive instructions in machine language
Review: Big gap between what human
wants and machine can do
You wish if you could do the following:
You: Siri, will you marry me?
Siri: No, we barely know each other
You: You are very disappointing! Then,
let me know if 143 is a prime number
Siri: yes, it is a prime number
Review: Big gap between what human
wants and machine can do
In reality, You write the following program:
main()
{
for (int i=1; i < 143; i++)
Your program is translated into the following
assembly/machine language code:
mov ax, 1
Add ax, ax,1
.

Structured Computer Organization, 6
th
Edition by Tanenbaum and Austin, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2012

Languages, Levels,
and Virtual Machines (1)
Figure 1-1. A multilevel machine.
.

.

.

Structured Computer Organization, 6
th
Edition by Tanenbaum and Austin, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2012

Languages, Levels,
and Virtual Machines (2)
Figure 1-1. A multilevel machine.
.

.

.

Structured Computer Organization, 6
th
Edition by Tanenbaum and Austin, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2012

Contemporary Multilevel Machines (1)
Figure 1-2. A six-level computer. The support method for each
level is indicated below it (along
with the name of the supporting program).
.

.

.

Structured Computer Organization, 6
th
Edition by Tanenbaum and Austin, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2012

Contemporary Multilevel Machines (2)
Figure 1-2. A six-level computer. The support method for each
level is indicated below it (along
with the name of the supporting program).
.

.

.

oop
Basic JVM Components
The Java Virtual Machine
Class
loader
Execution
engine
Host operating system
Program
Class
files
The J ava
APIs
class files
Native methods invocation
Java -> IJVM

MIC-1
Structured Computer Organization, 6
th
Edition by Tanenbaum and Austin, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2012

Milestones (1)
Figure 1-4. Some milestones in the development
of the modern digital computer.
.

.

.

Structured Computer Organization, 6
th
Edition by Tanenbaum and Austin, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2012

Milestones (2)
Figure 1-4. Some milestones in the development
of the modern digital computer.
.

.

.

Structured Computer Organization, 6
th
Edition by Tanenbaum and Austin, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2012

Milestones (3)
Figure 1-4. Some milestones in the development
of the modern digital computer.
Computer Generations
Zeroth Generation
Mechanical Computers (1642 1945)
First Generation
Vacuum Tubes (1945 1955)
Second Generation
Transistors (1955 1965)
Third Generation
Integrated Circuits (1965 1980)
Fourth Generation
Very Large Scale Integration (1980 ?)
Fifth Generation
Low-Power and Invisible Computers

1-19
Mechanical Computers
Babbages Analytical Engine
Copyright 2010 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Abacus
1-20
Vacuum tube, Transistors, IC, and VLSI
How transistor works:
1-22
Early History
1642: Blaise Pascal invents a calculating machine
1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that
uses punch cards
1800s:
Charles Babbage attempts to build an analytical engine
(mechanical computer)
Augusta Ada Byron develops many of the fundamental
concepts of programming
George Boole invents Boolean logic.
Copyright 2010 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Note: focus on words in red color
1-23
Modern Computer Development
1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM).
First electronic computer using relays.
1939: ABC is built
First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum tubes.
1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of
Pennsylvania).
First general purpose digital computer.
1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed.
Main concept: Stored program in memory
Proposed digital logic (i.e., use binary rather than decimal)
Still the standard for present day computers.
1947: Creation of transistor
(Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs).
1951-2: EDVAC and IAS
IC and VLSI
.


Copyright 2010 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-24
Early Computers
ENIAC
Copyright 2010 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAnhFNJgNYY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxj6h5JyfXs

Von Neumann Machine (from first gen)
- stored program in memory
The original Von Neumann machine.
Review: Von Neumann Machine (from first gen)
- stored program in memory
The original Von Neumann machine.
Program + Data
1. add
2. subtract
3. and
4. if result is false, jump
5. move.
CPU
PDP-8 Innovation Single Bus
(from second gen.)
The PDP-8 omnibus
Outline
What drives new trends in computer industry?
Technology; cost vs. performance
Milestones in computer architecture
A few key ideas
The Computer ZOO
Example Computer families
Processors

Technological and Economic Forces
Figure 1-8. Moores law predicts a 60 percent annual increase in
the number of transistors that can be put on a chip. The data
points given above and below the line are memory sizes, in bits.
The Computer Spectrum (1)
Figure 1-9. The current spectrum of computers available.
The prices should be taken with a grain
(or better yet, a metric ton) of salt.
The Computer Spectrum (2)
Figure 1-10. A printed circuit board is at the heart of every
personal computer. This one is the Intel DQ67SW board. 2011
Intel Corporation. Used by permission.
Microcontrollers
Appliances
Communications
gear
Computer
peripherals
Entertainment
devices
Imaging devices
Medical devices
Military weapon
systems
Shopping devices
Toys
Introduction to the x86 Architecture (1)
Figure 1-11. Key members of the Intel CPU family. Clock
speeds are measured in MHz (megahertz),
where 1 MHz is 1 million cycles/sec.
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.

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Introduction to the x86 Architecture (2)
Figure 1-11. Key members of the Intel CPU family. Clock
speeds are measured in MHz (megahertz),
where 1 MHz is 1 million cycles/sec.
Introduction to the x86 Architecture (3)
Figure 1-12. The Intel Core i7-3960X die. The die is 21 by 21 mm
and has 2.27 billion transistors. 2011 Intel Corporation.
Used by permission.
Introduction to the x86 Architecture (4)
Figure 1-13. Moores law for (Intel) CPU chips.
Introduction to the ARM Architecture
Figure 1-14. The Nvidia Tegra 2 system on a chip.
2011 Nvidia Corporation. Used by permission.
Introduction to the AVR Architecture
Figure 1-15. Microcontroller classes in the AVR family.
Metric Units
Figure 1-16. The principal metric prefixes.
Metric Units
The principal metric prefixes.
NOTE: - Memory size is represented in binary number Therefore, 1MB is 1024
kilobytes, or 1048576 (1024x1024) bytes, not one million bytes
- However, network bandwidth is represented in decimal number. Therefore,
1Mbps is 1000000bytes/second