The Nigerian Institution of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (A Division Of NSE)
By Engr. Salami, Adesina Jimoh (MNSE) Feb. 2014.
Introduction The theme of this paper is Strengthening of High Voltage (HV) Transmission Networks in Nigeria with the introduction of HV multi- circuit Towers. The new technology of multi-circuit in the network was one of the solutions adopted to combat part of the numerous challenges in the Transmission sector. Intro. Contnd The issue of acquisition of Right of Way(ROW) for the construction of new transmission lines has being a serious problem, which most of the time resulted to undue delay of project completion time or even a times marred completely the accomplishment of the project. Though, this technology has been in existence in some other well developed countries long time ago, what we had in our network were HV single circuit & double circuits until recently when we were compelled to adopt the technology in solving the ROW problem encountered in the construction of a new 330KV double circuits lines that has to pass through a developed town of Onitsha, in Anambra State. Itro.contnd
The estimate for compensation for structures and property ran to about N3Billion for about 4.75Km length of the line and beside this huge sum there were threat of litigations by not willing to let go owners of property along the proposed line. The operator of the network, Transmission Company of Nigeria, assented to the proposal brought forward to introduce a 5-circuit HV towers into the system using an existing 132KV line route. The solution was so timely because the project was completed at a reasonable time and also solved the menace of frequent system collapsing which was threatening the system as at the time.
*Generation *Transmission *Distribution
Business of electricity supply contd For a better understanding of the Power Industry in Nigeria, I carried out a general over-view of the industry by giving its history from the inception to the present day status. Challenges that had militated against realization of the type of an industry that is our collective dream, various solutions that were proffered by the Governments to correct some perceived anomalies in the operation of the industry, success and failures that were recorded over time were enumerated. And subsequently, the paper discussed the new development in the HV transmission network which witnessed the introduction of HV multi-circuit towers. Few design parameters and extent of compliance to international standard were given.
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: The history of electricity supply development in Nigeria can be traced to the end of the 19 th century when the first generating power plant was installed in the city of Lagos in 1898, fifteen years (15 years) after its introduction in England, United kingdom. The total capacity of the generators used then was 60kw. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND The Nigeria electricity supply company (NESCO) commenced operations in the city of Jos and its environs as an electric utility company in 1929 with the construction of a hydro electric power plant at kuru near Jos.
In 1946, Nigerian Government Electricity undertaking was established under the jurisdiction of the public works department (PWD) the take-over the responsibility of electricity supply in Lagos. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND
Electricity supply management in Nigeria remained under individual, municipal authority etc till 1950 when Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) was established to manage and co-ordinate electricity supply in Nigeria.
Niger Dam Authority (NDA) was established in 1962 with a mandate to develop the hydropower potentials of the country. ECN and NDA were merged in 1972 to form National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) by decree. The decree empowers NEPA to enjoy the monopoly of all commercial electricity supply to the exclusion of all other organizations. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND Within this power conferred, Federal Government of Nigeria through Federal ministry of power (FMP) was responsible for policy formulation and regulation; and through NEPA, was responsible for operation and investment in the management of electricity supply in Nigeria. NEPA wholly owned sole responsibility for power generation, transmission and distribution in Nigeria. There were many reasons that necessitated the establishment of NEPA, among them were: ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND
*To vest the responsibility for the financial obligation on one organization
*Guarantee more effective utilization of human, finance and other resources allocated to the electricity supply industry throughout the country. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND NEPA strived to meet ever-increasing electricity demand of the nation but unfortunately their performance was adjudged to be poor and the organization was ladened with corrupt practices, ineptitude, insensitivity and all other attributes of a failed system. Poor performance of NEPA was undoubtedly a source of concern to the Government. NEPA was confronted with issues of poor operational and financial performances. Attempt to address these issues of NEPA problems made the Government of the day then to amend the prevailing laws setting up NEPA (Electricity and NEPA acts) in 1998. The act was amended to remove NEPA monopoly and encouraged private sector participation. With the amendment in the act, NEPA ceased to have an exclusive monopoly over electricity generation, transmission and distribution & sales of electricity supply in Nigeria. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND But, in no distant time, the government discovered that the desired results were not being gotten. It then undone on the government of the day that a more holistic approach is required thus, total overhauling and reformation of the policy, legal and regulations setting up NEPA was carried out.
Consequently, in the year 2001 amendments was made in the act which then provides legal basis for the unbundling of NEPA, the formation of successor companies and the privatization of the latter. This gave birth to Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) and its subsequent unbundling into 18 successors companies. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND
The Federal Government owned Electricity company then comprises of the following: Generation: 3 No. Hydro plants 7 No. Thermal Generating plants. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND Worth of note is that, the total installed capacity of the plants was 6,852MW and total available capacity was 3542MW for a population of about 160 million (as at 31-07-2010) Transmission: A radial transmission grid (330KV & 132KV) owned and managed by Transmission company of Nigeria (TCN) Distribution and sales: 11no. distribution companies (33KV&11KV) which undertakes the wires, sales, billing & collection, customer care services within each companys catchment area. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND Strategically, the objectives of the reforms are: To transfer management and financing of the unbundled companies to organized private sector. Establish an independent and effective regulatory commission to oversee the industry. Focusing the Federal Government attention on policy formulation and long term developmental programme of the industry. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND Results expected from this holistic transformation are;
Increased access to electricity services Improved efficiency, affordability, reliability and quality services. Greater investment into the sector to stimulate economic growth. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND In 2007, Bureau of public enterprises commenced the privatization policy and by 30 th September 2013, PHCN ceased to exist following a successful privatization process by the federal Government. The following listed tables are attached to this report for a better appreciation of the status of the utility company before it ceased to exist. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA CONTND
Table 1 : Installed/Available Generating capacity of the Nation
Table 2 : Power supply module around the world. DEVELOPMENT IN THE TRANSMISSION SECTOR: Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electric energy from the generating plants by high voltage links (wires) to transmission stations and Substations and ensuring that, electricity generated anywhere within the network can be used to satisfy demand at any part of the network. Whereas, electricity distribution is mainly concerned with the conveyance of power to consumers by means of lower voltage. DEVELOPMENT IN THE TRANSMISSION SECTOR CONTND
Network formed by the very high voltage lines in the network constitutes the interconnectivity which is called super grid or simply, national grid. Advantages of having system interconnectivity are as follows; DEVELOPMENT IN THE TRANSMISSION SECTOR CONTND To achieve a more economical cost for a unit of power generated. To stabilize the network, thus making it more reliable by providing spinning reserve at low cost. Guarantee a common frequency for the supply within the net work. Ensure continuity of electricity supply to all over the system linked places irrespective of behavior at a particular time of the localized generating plant. DEVELOPMENT IN THE TRANSMISSION SECTOR CONTND
DEVELOPMENT IN THE TRANSMISSION SECTOR CONTND It could be seen from the module that, the grid {operate at 400KV (Britain), 500KV(USA), 330KV (Nigeria) feeds a sub Transmission stations (operate at 132KV ( Britain), 115KV (USA), 132KV(Nigeria)}. At this voltage level , sub-transmission , some less efficient generating plants feed into the network and also, major consumers of electricity supply are fed directly. DEVELOPMENT IN THE TRANSMISSION SECTOR CONTND Electricity supply is transmitted at high voltages (120KV and above) to reduce energy loss in long distance transmission. Thus , the voltage magnitude chosen for transmission are greatly influenced by geography of the network. Very long transmission lines require that the power should be transmitted at high voltage. This is the situation found in the North and south America, Russia, China, India Etc. Power is transmitted at voltage level of 765KV in North and South America and efforts are on to increase the grid voltage to 1000KV 1500KV whereas in geographically small country like Europe the length of network is smaller and the upper voltage level is 420KV. DEVELOPMENT IN THE TRANSMISSION SECTOR CONTND Power systems are universally high voltage alternating current (HVac) and the use of high voltage direct current (HVdc) technology which is of better efficiency is mainly employed for specialized purposes such as extra long distance transmission lines or in sub marine power cable because of high cost of the conversion equipment. OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES: Overhead lines are mostly used for the power transmission on the ground of economy because, major part of insulation is provided by air which cost relatively zero naira. In a constrained environments such as urban areas, underground cables are used for high voltage transmission, the cost is about 10 times that of high voltage overhead lines though, the ratio decreases with lower voltages. The difference in the cost arose from the cost of providing insulation. Overhead lines conductor(s) are suspended from insulators which are themselves supported by towers.
DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES Primary considerations in the design of transmission lines are; Determination of line length Grid voltage Line conductor size Tower structure Allowable sag on the line Tower span length
DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES contnd Grid voltage: The voltage level of the grid is determined based on the length of the network. The reason being that, power loss is recorded along the line. Therefore to maintain allowable power loss which is based on the percentage of the declared voltage ( 6%) the grid voltage magnitude is proportional to the line length.
DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES contnd Conductor size: Power loss = I 2 R .. (1) R = L/a . (2) - coeffient of expansion - Line length - Conductor cross sectional area. In equation 2 R L/a Bundled conductors ,thats a more than 1 conductor per phase line are used to reduce line reactances, corona loss & radio interference and conductor voltage gradient.
DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES contnd 3. Line Insulation: The insulators provide adequate leakage path from conductor to earth . Pin type insulator are used for line voltage up to 33KV while suspension/ tensioning strings are used for line voltage above 33KV. This consist of string of inter linking separate discs made of glass, or porcelain or silicon. Number of discs in the string depend upon the line voltage (11No for 132KV, 18No. for 330KV)
DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES contnd Towers: There are two main types of HV Towers. Those for straight runs called suspension towers in which stress due to weight of the line conductors and string insulators has to be withstood. Those for changes in route called deviation towers (angle towers). This withstands the resultant forces set up when the line changes direction in addition to weight of the line conductor and string insulators.
Contnd Other general considerations in design of tower are Extra forces resulting from a break in the lines on one side of the tower ( Uplift force) Nature of the conductor surface ( e.g. effect of ice, dust) Wind loading
Contnd Allowable Sag on the Line.
This is subject to Standard Specification for electrical clearance and characteristics of the conductor. The value of sag determines the tower height, towers span. Tower span length is the distance between 2 steel towers ( lattice) which on high- voltage lines (330KV) are in the range of 370m-470m and the tower height is about 45m for 2X330KV lines.
Initial and final sag is calculated for each ruling span without exceeding the tension limit specified below:
Initial, 10 30% Final, 10 overland 25% Final, 10 18% Open bodies of water ACSR loaded Final, 10 60%
Contnd Tension limits are given as a percentage of the conductor ultimate tensile strength calculated in accordance with IEC 61089. Vertical Clearances specified are based on maximum line conductor sag at 75 330KV 132KV
Contnd Vertical Distances Normal ground 8.0 6.7 Road crossing 9.0 8.3 Buildings, poles, structures, walls, And cradle guards. 5.2 5.0 Limited access motorways and dual carriage ways. 10.0 10.0 Navigable waterways (at high water level) 15.0 15.0 Pipelines (oil, gas, water). 10.0 10.0 Communication and power line wires 4.6 3.6 Cradle guard to top of railway track 9. 8.3
Contnd Horizontal Distances Nearest steel of transmission tower to Edge of navigable waterways,pipesline, Bridges, highways, pavement, railway (nearest rail), buildings on right-of-way And at crossing, to structure of line being Crossed 50.0 50.0