Monohybrid Crosses,

Co-dominance, and Intermediate

Weeks II
Wednesday, September 11
th
2013
It s time to quizz!!!!!
(b)
(d) (e)
(f)
(a)
(h)
(c)
(g)
Some important terms in Genetics
At each locus, a diploid organism possesses
two alleles located on different homologous
chromosomes
The seventh characteristics of Pisum sativum
in Mendels experiments
Mendels Experiment with Pisum sativum
Mendels
experiment
result
Albinism in human being is usually
inherited as a recessive trait
(Richard Dranitzke/SS/Photo Researchers)
The Law of Segregation
Mendel's first law of genetics
The two members of a gene pair segregate randomly
and equally into the gametes, which then combine at
random to form the next generation.
Segregation results
from the separation
of homologous
chromosomes in
meiosis
Phenotypic ratios for simple genetic crosses
(crosses for a single locus)
Genotypic ratios for simple genetic crosses
(crosses for a single locus)
Back cross and Test cross
A back cross: mating the F1 hybrid to one of the
parental types. There are two possible backcrosses in
the system.
Tt x TT. Back crossing to the dominant parent. The Tt
plant will produce 1/2 T gametes and 1/2 t gametes.
The TT plant will produce only T gametes. The offspring
will thus be 1/2 TT and 1/2 Tt. Both of these types are
tall, so the result of a backcross to the dominant parent
is all offspring with the dominant type.
Tt x tt. Back crossing to the recessive parent. The Tt
parent produces 1/2 T gametes and 1/2 t gametes, and
the tt parent produces only t gametes. The offspring
will be 1/2 Tt (tall) and 1/2 pp (dwarf). The offspring of a
test cross are in the same ratio as the gametes from the
organism being tested: 1/2 T (tall) and 1/2 t (dwarf).
Test cross:
one individual of
unknown genotype is
crossed with another
individual with
homozygous
recessive genotype
for the trait.

How about the back
cross?
Incomplete Dominance
In incomplete dominance the heterozygote exhibits a
phenotype that is intermediate between the
corresponding homozygotes and different from either one
Example:
Flower color in the four oclock plant
Two alleles
C
R
= wild-type allele for red flower color
C
W
= allele for white flower color
Note how the nomenclature has changed from Cc to
superscripts ("C" is still the gene)
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
1:2:1 phenotypic
ratio NOT the 3:1
ratio observed in
simple Mendelian
inheritance
In this case, 50% of
the C
R
protein is not
sufficient to produce
the red phenotype
P generation
x
Pink
Gametes
Red White
Gametes
Egg
Sperm
Self-fertilization
C
R
C
W
C
W
C
W
C
R
C
R
F
1
generation
F
2
generation
C
R
C
W
C
R
C
R
C
R
C
W
C
W
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
C
W
C
R
C
R
C
R
C
W
C
R
C
W
C
W
C
W
Fruit color in
eggplant is inherited
as an incompletely
dominant trait
In Codominance, heterozygotes express the
phenotypes of both parents
The ABO blood group provides an example
Phenotype (A, B, AB or O) is determined by the type of
antigen present on the surface of red blood cells
Antigens are substances that are recognized by
antibodies produced by the immune system
As shown in figure below, there are three different
alleles that determine which antigen(s) are present
on the surface of red blood cells
Allele I
A
, adds antigen A to H antigen
Allele I
B
, adds antigen B to H antigen
Allele i, doesn't add anything to H antigen
Codominance
Allele i is recessive to both I
A
and I
B
Alleles I
A
and I
B
are codominant
They are both expressed in a heterozygous individual
Blood type:
Genotype:
Surface antigen:
Serum antibodies:
O
RBC RBC RBC RBC
Antigen A
N-acetyl-
galactosamine
Antigen B Antigen B Antigen A
neither A or B
against A and B
A
I
A
I
A
or I
A
i ii
A
against B
B
I
B
I
B
or I
B
i
B
against A
AB
I
A
I
B
A and B
none
Galactose
(a) ABO blood type
H antigen
RBC
Glycosyl transferase
encoded by I
A
allele
N-acetyl-
galactosamine
Active
site
Glycosyl transferase
encoded by I
B
allele
Galactose
Active
site
RBC
RBC
Antigen A
RBC
Antigen B
(b) Formation of A and B antigen by glycosyl transferase
Monohybrid Exercises

1. Mendel found that in pea plants, red flower color
dominant is over white.
a). A heterozygous red flowered plant is crossed with a
white flowered one. Find:
a) genotypes of each parent
b) genotype and phenotype for F1 generation
b) A homozygous red flowered plant is crossed with a
white flowered one.
a) genotypes of each parent
b) genotype and phenotype for F1 generation
c) genotype and phenotype for F2 generation
2. Anto memiliki sifat yang sama dengan kakeknya, yaitu rambut lurus,
padahal kedua orang tua Anto berambut keriting. Secara genetika
sifat rambut lurus pada kakek Anto adalah
(A) dominan (B) resesif (C) intermedier (D) semi dominan
3. Persilangan bunga Mirabilis jalapa merah dengan Mirabilis jalapa
putih menghasilkan keturunan F1 berwarna merah muda semua.
Bagaimanakah perbandingan fenotip keturunan F2-nya jika terjadi
penyerbukan sendiri?
(A) 25% merah: 25% merah muda: 50% putih
(B) 25% merah: 50% merah muda: 25% putih
(C) 75% merah: 25% putih
(D) 50% merah: 50% putih.
4. Kakek Wahyu dapat menggulung lidahnya (sifat dominan). Kakek
Wahyu mempunyai dua orang anak yaitu Ayah Wahyu yang dapat
menggulung lidah dan Bibi Wahyu yang tidak dapat menggulung
lidah, sama dengan sifat ibu Wahyu. Berapa kemungkinan Wahyu
dapat menggulung lidahnya?
A.25 % (B) 50 % (C) 75 % (D) 100 %


5. Sejumlah marmut hitam dari genotip yang sama dikawinkan.
Dihasilkan 81 keturunan berwarna hitam dan 28 berwarna
putih. Apa genotip dari kedua induk?
6. Bentuk lobak bisa panjang (S
L
S
L
), bulat (S
R
S
R
) atau oval (S
L
S
R
).
Jika lobak panjang disilangkan dengan lobak oval, lalu
keturunan F1 dibiarkan kawin sesamanya secara acak, apa
rasio fenotipik yang diharapkan pada F2?
7. Jika ayam dengan dibulu berwarna semburat putih
dikawinkan dengan ayam berbulu hitam, keturunannya semua
bebulu biru batu tulis (biru andalusia). Jika ayam biru
andalusia saling disilangkan, dihasilkan keturunan semburat
putih, biru, dan hitam berturut-turut dengan rasio 1:2:1.
a) Bagaimana cara pewarisan sifat bulu tersebut?
b) Dengan menggunakan simbol-simbol yang sesuai, tuliskan
genotip bagi masing-masing fenotip.
8. A cross of F1-hybrid plants: A genetic cross between two F1-hybrid
pea plants for spherical seeds will yield what percent spherical-
seeded plants in the F2 generation? (Recall, spherical-shaped seeds
are dominant over dented seeds.)
(A) 100% (B) 75% (C) 50% (D) 25%
9. A woman with type A blood and a man with type B blood could
potentially have offspring with which of the following blood types?
(A) type A (B) type B (C) type AB (D) type 0
(E) all of the above
10. If the unknown is homozygous, all of the offspring of the test cross
have the __________ phenotype. If the unknown is heterozygous, half
of the offspring will have the __________ phenotype.
(A) dominant, incompletely dominant (B) recessive, dominant
(C) dominant, epistatic (D) codominant, complimentary
(E) dominant, recessive