Welcome

BIO 210 Microbiology

FQ 2014

Dr. Joanna S. Brooke

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Lectures:
- Mon., Wed. at 11:20-12:50 Room SAC 161

Lab sections all in Room 234 McGowan North
Section 1L1: Mon. 2:40 p.m. - 5:40 p.m.
Section 1L2: Tues. 9:40 a.m. - 12:40 p.m.
Section 1L3: Tues. 2:40 p.m. - 5:40 p.m.
Section 1L4: Wed. 8:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m.

Labs will start next week: Mon. Sept. 15

Laboratorian: Dr. Megan Schrementi

Graduate Teaching Assistants

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The BIO 210 Course Syllabus
Note: a select part or parts of the following
chapters will be covered in this course:
Chapters 8-11, 13-16, 22, 23, and 25
Introduction to Microbiology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Prhn_U5HEio
Introduction to Microbiology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Prhn_U5HEio
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Ch. 3. Cell structure
Learning Objectives:
Classification of living things
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
structures and their function
Additional structures found in prokaryotic
cells and their function


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All living things can be classified in one of three
Domains:

Bacteria
Archaea
Eucarya
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Domains Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms, ~ 1.0 m in diameter

Contain no membrane bound nucleus, instead
contain a nucleoid

No organelles

Have rigid cell wall
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Typical prokaryotic cell
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Glycocalyx
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic membrane
Inclusions
Flagellum
Domain Eucarya

Larger than prokaryotes, ~ 10-100 m diameter

Eukaryotes contain a membrane bound nucleus

Eukaryotes contain internal organelles

Algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, and animals

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Typical eukaryotic cell
Nucleolus
Cilium
Ribosomes
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Centriole
Secretory
vesicle
Golgi body
Transport
vesicles
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Cytoplasmic
membrane
Cytoskeleton
Capsules and Slime layers
- made of polysaccharide
Referred to as glycocalyx
Glyco =sugar calyx =shell
- enable bacteria to adhere to
host cells

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Bacterial Flagella:
- protein appendages that
provide motility and allow
bacteria to move through their
environment

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Flagella

Function
Rotation propels bacterium through environment

Rotation reversible, can be clockwise or
counterclockwise

Bacteria move in response to stimuli (taxis)
Runs
Tumbles

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hexn-
DtSt4&list=TL5MNSeDvXTUw
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Chemotaxis movement of a cell towards a favorable
chemical stimulus (e.g. nutrient) or away from a repellent.
Bacteria use flagella for motility
Motile through sensing chemicals
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Fimbriae and Pili

Rod-like proteinaceous appendages that
extend out from the cell
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Fimbriae

Shorter than flagella

Used by bacteria to adhere to one another,
to hosts, and to substances in environment

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Flagellum
Fimbria
Conjugation pili

Longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella

control the transfer of DNA from one cell to
another during the process of conjugation
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Conjugation pilus
Cell Wall: determines shape &
provides structural support
- made of peptidoglycan (PG)
- unique chemical structure
distinguishes Gram-positive from
Gram-negative bacteria
Bacillus subtilis
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Basic structure of peptidoglycan
Alternating series of two subunits: N-acetylglucosamine(NAG)
and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Joined subunits form glycan chain
Glycan chains held together by string of four amino acids
Tetrapeptide chain

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Peptidoglycan: thick layer

Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid: give the cell surface a negative
charge
Gram-positive cell wall
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- Thin layer of peptidoglycan

- Outer membrane outside the peptidoglycan contains
phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Gram-negative cell wall
Peptidoglycan
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PG as a target
Many antimicrobials interfere with the synthesis of PG

Penicillin
Binds to bacterial proteins used for PG synthesis
Prevents cross-linking of glycan chains by
tetrapeptides
Lysozyme
Produced in tears and saliva
Breaks bond linking NAG and NAM


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Cytoplasmic membrane is selectively permeable
Determines which molecules pass into or out of cell
Few molecules pass through freely

Molecules pass through membrane via simple diffusion
or transport mechanisms that may require carrier
proteins and energy
Cytoplasmic Membrane
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Phosphate head

Tail

Phospholipid
bilayer
Integral protein
Peripheral protein
Integral
protein
Cytoplasm
Integral
proteins
Phospholipid

Cytoplasmic Membrane
Cytoplasmic Membrane (CM)
site of energy production

energy produced through
electron transport chain and in proton motive force
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- has 70-80 % water
- sugars, amino acids, salts
- ribosomes

- granules (inclusion bodies for energy-rich
substances e.g. glycogen)
Cell Cytoplasm (cytosol)
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Internal Structures
Bacterial cells have variety of internal structures

Some structures are essential for life
Chromosome
Ribosome

Others are optional and can confer selective advantage
Plasmid
Storage granules
Endospores
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Bacterial Endospores
- produced through sporulation

- theoretically remain dormant for years

- resistant to heat, desiccation, chemicals and UV
light

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Endospore formation:

Bacteria sense starvation and
begin sporulation


Common bacterial
genera that produce
endospores include
Clostridium and Bacillus
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