Chapter Two:

Atoms, Molecules & Ions

Atomic Theory & Structure
Isotopes, Numbers & Masses
Periodic Table
Molecules, Ions, Compounds & Formulas
Naming Species
Atomic Theory and Structure
What is the smallest piece of matter possible?
Democritus called the smallest particles atomos
Daltons atomic theory of matter:
-elements are composed of small particles -- atoms
-all atoms of an element are identical
-atoms are not created or destroyed chemically
-compounds formed by chemical combination of two
or more elements
-a given compound has same relative number &
type of atoms (law of constant composition)
-atoms retain character during chemical rxns. only
undergo rearrangement (conservation of matter)
Law of Multiple Proportions
If two elements, A & B, form more than one compound,
the masses of B that can combine with a given mass of A are
in a ratio of small whole numbers
C
C
O
O O
12 g of Carbon &
32 g of Oxygen
12 g of Carbon &
16 g of Oxygen
2 x
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
Subatomic Particles
-J.J. Thompson determined charge:mass ratio of e
-
, 1897
-Robert Millikan measured charge of e
-
, 1909
-Thompson developed plum pudding model of atom
-Rutherford developed nuclear model of atom
alpha particle
source
detector
Modern Atomic Structure
PARTICLE CHARGE* MASS (AMU)

Proton +1 1.0073
Neutron 0 1.0087
Electron -1 5.486 x 10
-4
* unit charge = 1.602 x 10
-19
C (coulomb)
amu (u) -- atomic mass unit = 1.66054 x 10
-24
g
Atomic Number
number of protons in an atom
defines an element
shown as the symbol subscript
6
C
Mass Number
total number of protons plus neutrons
will vary between isotopes
shown as the symbol superscript
12
C
Isotopes
elements which have the same atomic number
but different mass numbers
12
C
6

13
C
6

14
C
6
are isotopes
Periodic Table
Allows for organization of elements
Allows for grouping of elements in terms of
physical and chemical characteristics
Metals, Non-metals & Metalloids
Group 1A Alkali Metals
Group 2A Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 6A Chalcogens
Group 7A Halogens
Group 8A Nobel Gases
B Groups Transition Metals
Know these !!
Molecules and Molecular Compounds
Molecule
the smallest particle of a compound that can be
identified as that compound
chemical combination of two or more atoms
a pure substance
Chemical Formula
a symbol representation of a molecule/compound
shows the type and ratio of atoms in a molecule
type is given by symbol
ratio is given by a subscript to right of symbol
Examples:
H
2
O
H
2
O
2

CO
2
CO
O
2

Molecule Ratio
2 : 1
2 : 2
1 : 2
1 : 1
-
heteroatomic
heteroatomic
heteroatomic
heteroatomic
homoatomic
Formulas
Molecular Formulas
Give the type and exact number of each type of atom

Empirical Formulas
Give only the type and simplist ratio of atoms
H
2
O
H
2
O
2

C
6
H
6

C
2
H
6


Molecular Formula Empirical Formula
H
2
O
HO
CH
CH
3

Structural Formulas
Show which atoms are attached to which atoms
C
2
H
6
O
H C O C H
H
H H
H
H C C O H
H
H
H
H
dimethylether ethanol
Ions & Ionic Compounds
Some elements will either lose or gain one or
more electrons to become charged species
Metals
typically lose electrons, become +, cations
Non-Metals
typically gain electrons, become -, anions
Monatomic Ions
made from a single element
Na Na
+
+ 1e
-
Cl + 1e
-
Cl
-
Na
Na
+
1e
-
+
Cl
Cl
-
+ 1e
-
11 p
+

11 e
-

11 p
+

10 e
-

17 p
+

18 e
-

17 p
+

17 e
-

Hints to Determine Ion Charges

Hydrogen +1
Oxygen - 2
Group IA +1
Group IIA +2
Group VIA - 2
Group VIIA - 1
Polyatomic Ions -- molecules which have a net
positive or negative charge
CO
3
2-
carbonate ion
NH
4
+
ammonium ion
OH
-
hydroxide ion
Prediction of Charges -- all species tend toward the
most stable state
Nobel gases are very stable
Elements add or lose electrons to mimic nobel
gases
Ionic Compounds
Oppositely charged ions form ionic compounds
held together by ionic bonds due to the
electrostatic attraction between the opposite
charges
Ionic compounds are always neutral species
Mg
2+
and Cl
-
form MgCl
2
not MgCl
or Mg
2
Cl
Naming Inorganic Compounds
Names of Monatomic Ions
cations are named for the elements
Na
+
is sodium ion Al
+3
is aluminum ion
Fe
+2
is iron(II) ion Fe
+3
is iron(III) ion
(ferrous ion) (ferric ion)
Cu
+
is copper(I) ion Cu
2+
is copper(II) ion
(cuprous ion) (cupric ion)
anions are named for the root name of
the element with the ending -ide
O
-2
is oxide ion Cl
-
is chloride ion
H
-
is hydride ion N
-3
nitride ion
Naming Polyatomic Ions
Know the names, charges and formulas of the
important polyatomic ions
NH4
+
ammonium ion
CO3
-2
carbonate ion
SO4
-2
sulfate ion
OH
-
hydroxide ion
NO3
-
nitrate ion
Polyatomic ions are treated as separate entities or
units
Naming and formula rules are the same as for
compounds with monatomic ions
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
Cations always named first
Anions always named last
NaCl sodium chloride
BaCl
2
barium chloride
for cations which have more than one
possible charge, the charge of the ion must
be given in the name
Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide
FeO iron(II) oxide
Combinations must be neutral!
Examples:

2 Na
+
and 1 CO3
-2
is sodium carbonate
Na2CO3
2 NH4
+
and 1 S
-2
is ammonium sulfide
(NH4)2S
1 Ba
+2
and 2 OH
-
is barium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2
3 Mg
+2
and 2 PO4
-3
is magnesium phosphate
Mg3(PO4)2
1 Na
+
, 1 H
+
and 1 CO3
-2
is sodium hydrogen
carbonate or sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3
Acids
A compound that produces hydrogen ions
(H
+
) when dissolved in water
tastes sour
turns litmus red
has a pH less than 7
typically the formula begins with one or more
Hs
HCl
(aq)
hydrochloric acid
H
2
SO
4(aq)
sulfuric acid
HC
2
H
3
O
2(aq)
acetic acid
Binary Acids
Acids which contain H and another non-
metallic element
Naming -- to the root name of the non-
metallic element:
add the prefix hydro-
add suffix -ic acid
HF
(aq)
hydrofluoric acid
HBr
(aq)
hydrobromic acid
HCl
(aq)
hydrochloric acid
Note!
Oxyacids
Acids which contain H and O and another
element (or H and a polyatomic anion
containing O)
Naming -- to the polyatomic ion name
if the suffix is -ate, change it to -ic
if the suffix is -ite, change it to -ous
add acid to the end of the name
HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid
H2SO4 sufuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid
You must know polyatomic ion
names/charges

Binary Molecular Compounds
Chemical combinations of non-metals and non-
metals (no ions involved)
The more metallic element is named first
The second element (less metallic) is named with
the ending -ide
Because there are no ions to use to determine
relative ratio of atoms we must indicate the number
of each atom by a prefix
N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide
SO3 sulfur trioxide
Name the Following:
CaI2

Cu2O

CuO

Cl2O7

HClO3
calcium iodide
copper(I) oxide
copper(II) oxide
dichlorine heptaoxide
note
chloric acid
Write Formulas for the Following:
calcium hypochlorite

Mg
+2
and ClO
2
-


carbon tetrachloride

NH
4
+
and SO
4
-2

Ca(ClO)
2

Mg(ClO
2
)
2

CCl
4

(NH
4
)
2
SO
4