1. Wind Turbine: Converting the wind energy into electricity Wind, Propeller, Electric Generator, Current Flow (lights) 2. Solar Cells Converting the Suns (light) energy directly into electricity Intensity of the sunlight Wavelength of the sunlight Type and surface area of the solar cell 3. Fuel Cells Producing electricity by combining Hydrogen and Oxygen to produce H 2 O 4. Other: Solar Panels Heating: Cold water in Hot water out Material 4 Interesting Estimates * Every hour, enough sunlight energy reaches the Earth to meet the worlds energy demand for a whole year.
The amount of energy from the Sun that reaches the Earth annually is 4 E18 Joules.***
The amount of energy consumed annually by the world's population is about 3 E14 Joules.
5 Solar Cells: Basic Concepts Photovoltaics Solar cells, (also called photovoltaics - PV), convert sunlight directly into electricity. They are made of semiconductor material- similar to those used in computer chips. When sunlight is absorbed by these cells, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from their atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. movement of electrons.
Sunlight contains packets of energy called photons that can be converted directly into electrical energy.
This is referred to as the photovoltaic effect. Photo- means light and -voltaic means electrical current;
Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick.
Thin film technology has made it possible for solar cells to double as roof tiles, rooftop shingles, building front elevation.
6 Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic cells are made of at least two layers of semiconducting material. The first layer has a positive charge; the next layer has a negative charge. When sunlight strikes the cell, the semiconducting material absorbs photons from the light. This process frees electrons from the negative layer, which move to the positive layer. This flow of electrons constitutes an electric current, which can be captured in a circuit connecting the two layers. The electricity generated by a photovoltaic cell can be used directly, stored in batteries. 7 Solar Panel collects and utilizes heat energy. Photovoltaic panels (Solar Cells) transform light energy into electricity Suns Light and Heat 8 Atoms
An atom is composed of three different particles: (for now)
Nucleus- Center of the atom: 1. Protons (P + )-- positively charged. . 2. Neutrons -- no charge.
3. Electrons (e-) -- negatively charged. -- orbit the nucleus.
No of protons = No of electrons
Protons (P + ) Neutrons (e - ) 9 Valence Electrons - Helium atom model
Two valence electrons (-) Two protons (+) Two neutrons Outermost energy level An electron cell can be thought of as the orbit of electrons around the nucleus.
The electrons in the outermost shell, called the valence shell, are called the valence electrons.
Valence electrons determine the chemical /electrical properties of the atom.
10 Example 11 Valence Band-(oversimplified description) E n e r g y
l e v e l s
Valence band Conduction band Band gap c o n d u c t o r
s e m i c o n d u c t o r s
i n s u l a t o r
12 Boron B 5 , Phosphorus P 15 Silicon Si 14 e -e- e - e - e - e - e - e - e - N e - Si e - e - e - e - e - e - e - e - e - e - e - e - e - B e - e e e e e e e -
e P e
e e e e e e e e e
e Si = 4 valence e - 13 Semiconductor Doping How can we change the electrical properties of the pure Semiconductor material?
By adding foreign material to it, called dopants. (impurities) Boron, phosphorus, arsenic are common dopants. Rate of low :1 every 100,000,000 atoms high: 1 every 10,000 atoms
Silicon (Si) with Phosphorus (P 2,8,5 ) dopant : n-type (extra valence electrons are added)
Silicon (Si) with Boron (B 2,3 ) dopant = p-type (missing fourth valence electron, holes) 14 n - type . e e e -
e P e
e e e e e e e e e
e e - e - e - e - Phosphorus with 5 valence gives - donor n-type Si - 15 p- type . B e - e e e e e - e - e - e - Boron with 3 valence e - , accepts acceptor p type Si - 16 p-n junction e - B e - e e e e e - e - e - Si - p-type n-type p-n J unction e e e -
e P e
e e e e e e e e e
e e - e - e - e - Si - 17 Photon Hits the Atom of a Semi Material . Hole is the empty space left behind as a result of the movement of the free electron. Holes have + charge. 18 Solar Cell Schematic . . Protective Cover-Glass Electrical Contact Antireflective Layer N P-N Junction P Electrical Contact Load current P 19 Sunlight is made of photons, small particles of energy. These photons are absorbed by and pass through the material of a solar cell or solar PV panel. The photons 'agitate' the electrons found in the material of the photovoltaic cell. As they begin to move (or are removed), these are 'routed' into a current. This, technically, is electricity - the movement of electrons along a path. The Process 20 In Summary Light breaks silicon bonds and creates free electrons and holes, missing electrons Holes are positive charges Built-in field separates electrons and holes
Step 1. Photogeneration of charge carriers, electron (negative) and hole (positive). Step 2. Separation of the charge carriers through the medium.
21 Q - What is a Circuit in Series ? A One where electricity travels on one path. V = V1 + V2 I = Constant V 1 V 2 V 1 =1.5 V 2 =1.5 I=1.7 A P = (V 1 +V 2 ) (I)= (1.5+1.5) (1.7) 22 Parallel Connection: Multiple Paths Solar Cells vs. Equivalent Batteries I 2 I 1 (I) I=I 1 +I 2 I 2 (I 2 = I I 1 ) V = Constant I 1 = 1.7 A I 2 = 1.7 A I = 1.7 + 1.7 = 3.4 A. V 1 = V 2 = 1.5 V
Power = ? 23 Factors affecting Solar Cell Performance Light intensity (type of light) Light wavelength (color of light) Angle of incident light Surface condition of solar cells cleanness) Temperature on solar cells 24 Clicker - Q1 The drawing is a model of a carbon atom. How many protons does its nucleus have?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8 E. 10
e- e- e- e- e- e- 25 Q2. Adding Impurities By adding impurities to silicon in order to generate holes we are building __?__ type material.
A. n - type B. p - type 26 Q3 Name the junction that is created by doping adjacent regions of a semiconductor
A n-type B p-type C valence junction D p-n junction E silicon
27 Q4. Given the values and the set up bellow, what is the total power generated? I 1 = 1.0 A I 2 = 1.0 A V = 3.0 V A. P = 3.0 W B. P = 4.0 W C. P = 5.0 W D. P = 6.0 W E. P = 7.0 W V = 3.0 I 1 I 2 I 28 Review Question (Q5) A p-type semiconductor is a ___?_____ carrier?
A. Photon B. Electron C. Hole D. Ion E. None of the above
29 Review Question (Q6) Which of the following will deteriorate a solar cells performance?
A. Thickness of the cell B. A water stain C. Shape of the cell D. All of the above E. None of the above