Northern University Bangladesh

The Performance of OFDM Transceiver

with Simulation in MATLAB
The Performance of OFDM Transceiver
with Simulation in MATLAB

Presented By:
Badar Uddin Ahammed
ID: ECE 070200064
Md. Rezaul Karim
ID: ECE 070200066
Supervised by:
Engr. Md. Badiuzzaman
Head of the dept. of EEE
Northern University Bangladesh
Objective
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the concept of an OFDM
system, and investigate how its performance is changed by varying some
of its major parameters. This objective is met by developing a MATLAB
program to simulate a basic OFDM system.
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Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
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Outline
Part I : OFDM Fundamentals
Part II : OFDM Transceiver Design
Part III : OFDM Simulation Result
Part IV : OFDM Simulation Demonstration

Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
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OFDM Basic Concept
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier
transmission technique, which divides the available spectrum into many
subcarriers, each one being modulated by a low data rate stream.
OFDM is a multi-carrier modulation scheme
o First break the data into small portions
o Then use a number of parallel orthogonal sub-carriers to transmit the data
Conventional transmission uses a single carrier, which is modulated with
all the data to be sent

Single Carrier Company
Multi Carrier Company
Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
OFDM Basic Concept . . .
For FDM
o No special relationship between
the carrier frequencies
o Guard bands have to be inserted
to avoid Adjacent Channel
Interference (ACI)
For OFDM
o Carrier frequencies are
orthogonal to each other.
o Sub-carriers can overlap in the
frequency domain which
increases spectral efficiency
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OFDM is a special case of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
Fig: The Spec term of OFDM signal
Orthogonality
The key to OFDM is maintaining orthogonality of the carriers. If the
integral of the product of two signals is zero over a time period, then
these two signals are said to be orthogonal to each other.
Assume a cosine wave is multiplied by a sinusoid, either sine or
cosine. Then the integral over one period is defined as



where n and m are two unequal integers
is the period in 2/ seconds.
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Orthogonality
Since cos( t) executes a complete cycle every seconds. Therefore,
integrating both cos(n+m) t and cos(n-m) t over an interval
results is zero except in the case where n = m 0. Therefore,



Similar arguments show



and
for all n and m

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Advantages
Makes efficient use of the spectrum by allowing overlap.
By dividing the channel into narrowband sub channels, OFDM is more
resistant to frequency selective fading than single carrier systems.
OFDM is an efficient way to deal with multipath.
Eliminates ISI and ICI through use of a cyclic prefix.
OFDM is computationally efficient by using FFT techniques to implement
the modulation and demodulation functions.

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Disadvantages
OFDM has a relatively large peak-to-average-power ratio, which reduces
the power efficiency of the RF amplifier.
It is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset and drift than single carrier
systems are due to leakage of the FFT.
Adding guard period lowers the symbol rate and lowers the overall
spectral efficiency of the system.
OFDM is Sensitive to high frequency phase noise

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Outline
Part I : OFDM Fundamentals
Part II : OFDM Transceiver Design
Part III : OFDM Simulation Result
Part IV : OFDM Simulation Demonstration

Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
OFDM Block Diagram
Fig1 : Block Diagram of OFDM Transceiver
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OFDM Simulation Flow Chart
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Start
Data read
Base Convert
Serial to
Parallel
Is empty
data.tx ?
F.data <
F. len?
Zero
Padding
Modulation Perform IFFT
Add CP
Parallel to
Serial
Frame
generate
Add Noise
Frames
Detection
Serial to
parallel
Remove CP
Perform FFT
Demodulation
Parallel to
serial
Data Output
End
Base Convert
Is empty
data.rx ?
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Transmitter
[24 135 148 139 142 140 131 . . . . ]
X = [1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 . . . ]
X1 = [1 0 ]
X2 = [1 1 ]
X3 = [0 1 ]
X4 = [0 0 ]
. . . . . . . . . . .
Xn = [Xx Xy]
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Serial and Parallel Concept
In OFDM system design, the serial and parallel converter is
considered to realize the concept of parallel data
transmission.


Serial to
Parallel
converter
Serial Data
Parallel Data
X = [0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 . . . ]
Y=
0 1 . .
0 0 . .
0 1 . .
1 1 . .
. . .
. . .
Fig2: Serial to parallel converter
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Serial and Parallel Concept . . .
Serial
o The data symbol occupy the entire available bandwidth.
o Data rate is sufficient high
o More sensitive to multipath delay spread channel.
Parallel
o The data symbol occupy only a small part of available bandwidth.
o The frequency response over each individual sub channel is relatively
flat.
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Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
OFDM Transmitter. . .
[24 135 148 139 142 140 131 . . . . ]
X = [1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0. . . ]
X1 = [1 0 ]
X2 = [1 1 ]
X3 = [0 1]
X4 = [0 0 ]
. . . . . . . . . . .
Xn = [Xx Xy]
D1 = Dx1 Dy1
D2 = =Dx2 Dy2
D3 = Dx3 Dy3
D1 = Dx4 Dy4
. . . . .
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Modulation
Modulation is the process of modifying some properties of the high
frequency carrier signal in accordance with the baseband signal.
Modulation types over OFDM systems
o Phase shift keying (PSK)
o Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
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Modulation
October 23, 2014 Northern University Bangladesh
Differential Phase shift keying (PSK):
o Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is a common phase modulation for
OFDM. Differential Encoding is used to protect against phase ambiguity, it
consists of a modulo 2 adder operation as shown below.

Where, = Data sequence in
= Differentially Encoded data sequence out





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1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1


1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
Input
Sequence
Differentially
Encoded
Output
Sequence
Fig3: A differential encoder
Fig4: PSK Modulation
OFDM Transmitter. . .
[24 135 148 139 142 140 131 . . . . ]
X = [1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0. . . ]
X1 = [1 0 ]
X2 = [1 1 ]
X3 = [0 ]
X4 = [0 0 ]
. . . . . . . . . . .
Xn = [Xx Xy]
D1 = Dx1 Dy1
D2 = Dx2 Dy2
D3 =Dx3 Dy3
D1 = Dx4 Dy4
. . . . .
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D =
Dx1 Dy1
Dx
2
Dy
2
Dx
3
Dy
3
Dx4 Dy4
.
.
S =
Sx1 Sy1
Sx
2
Sy
2
Sx
3
Sy
3
Sx
4
Sy
4
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
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OFDM Transmitter . . .
Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
IFFT
An Inverse Fourier transform converts the frequency domain data set into
samples of the corresponding time domain representation of this data.
Specifically, the IFFT is useful for OFDM because it generates samples of a
waveform with orthogonal frequency components.
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Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
Fig5: Conversion in IFFT Circuit
Frequency
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Useful symbol CP
CP CP
T
cp
T
df
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OFDM Transmitter . . .
Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
D =
Dx1 Dy1
Dx
2
Dy
2
Dx
3
Dy
3
Dx4 Dy4
.
.
S =
Sx1 Sy1
Sx
2
Sy
2
Sx
3
Sy
3
Sx
4
Sy
4
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
Cyclic Prefix
This Guard band duration must be > channel maximum delay
Guard band prevents Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) due to multipath
The guard time could consist of no signal at all. In that case, the problem
of Inter carrier Interference (ICI ) would arise.
ICI is crosstalk between different subcarriers, which means that they are
no longer orthogonal.
To eliminate ICI , the OFDM symbol is cyclically extended in the guard
time.
This ensures that delayed replicas of OFDM symbol always have an integer
number of cycles within the FFT interval, as long as the delay is smaller
than guard time. As a result, multipath signals with delays smaller than
guard time cannot cause ICI.
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Cyclic Prefix . . .
] , [
0 0

] , [
1 1

Diffracted and Scattered Paths
Reflected Path
LOS Path
] , [
k k

Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
Fig6: Multipath channel
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Cyclic Prefix . . .
Time
[]
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

[

]

Example multipath profile

2
The prefix is made cyclic to avoid inter-carrier-interference(ICI)
(maintain orthogonality)
Multipath introduces inter-symbol-interference(ISI)

T
U
Prefix is added to avoid ISI
T
U
T
CP
Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
Path Delays
Fig7: Cyclic Prefix
Cyclic Prefix . . .
Now the guard period made up by two sections:
o Half of the guard period time is a zero amplitude transmission called frame guard
o Other half is a cyclic extension of the OFDM symbol to be transmitted.
Now the total length of the symbol is
Ts= Tfg + Tcp + Tu
Where, Ts is the total length of the symbol
Tfg is the length of guard period with zero padding
Tcp is the length of the CP
Tu is the size of the useful data symbol.


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Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
Useful symbol Useful symbol FG CP Useful symbol
T
U
Tfg

T
S
T
cp
Tgp

FG CP FG CP
Fig8: Data frame with Cyclic Prefix
Data Frame 2 CP FG Data Frame 1 CP FG FG
T
cp
T
cp
T
fg
T
fg
T
fg
T
df
T
df
T
s
T
s
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OFDM Transmitter . . .
Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
Useful symbol CP
CP CP
T
cp
T
df
D =
Dx1 Dy1
Dx
2
Dy
2
Dx
3
Dy
3
Dx4 Dy4
.
.
S =
Sx1 Sy1
Sx
2
Sy
2
Sx
3
Sy
3
Sx
4
Sy
4
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
Channel
Communication Channel
Channel is the electromagnetic media between the transmitter and the
receiver.
The model allows for the signal to noise ratio, multipath, and peak power
clipping to be controlled.
The signal to noise ratio is set by adding a known amount of white noise to the
transmitted signal.

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Fig9: Communication Channel
Transmitter Receiver
Channel
Communication Channel . . .
The most common channel model is the Gaussian channel, which is
generally called the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) defined by:



When signal is transmitted through the channel, it is corrupted by the
statistically independent Gaussian noise. This channel model assumes
that the only disturber is the thermal noise at the front end of the
receiver


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OFDM Receiver
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OFDM Receiver
Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
Data Frame 2 CP FG Data Frame 1 CP FG FG
T
cp
T
cp
T
fg
T
fg
T
fg
T
df
T
df
T
s
T
s
Data Frame 2 CP Data Frame 1 CP
T
cp
T
cp
T
df
T
df
T
s
T
s
Data Frame 2 Data Frame 1
Ts

Ts

Data Frame n
Ts

FFT
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) converts the time domain data samples
back into a frequency domain representation of this data.
FFT takes a random signal, multiplies it successively by complex
exponentials over the range of frequencies. It sums each product and
plots the results as a coefficient of that frequency.
The results of the FFT is a frequency domain signal.
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Fig10: Conversion in FFT Circuit
Frequency
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

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OFDM Receiver
Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
Data Frame 2 Data Frame 1
Ts

Ts

Data Frame n
Ts

S =
Sx1 Sy1
Sx
2
Sy
2
Sx
3
Sy
3
Sx
4
Sy
4
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
Dx1 Dy1
Dx
2
Dy
2
Dx
3
Dy
3
Dx4 Dy4
.
.
D =
Demodulation
October 23, 2014 Northern University Bangladesh
Phase shift keying (PSK):
o The decoding process is reverses process of encoding. The incoming bits are
added together to recreate the input data sequence. A differential decoding
system as shown below.

Where, = Data sequence in
= Differentially Encoded data sequence out





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Fig11: A differential decoder
Demodulation . . .
October 23, 2014 Northern University Bangladesh
There are now two possibilities
The received sequence received correctly
The received sequence received reversed

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Bit Sequence Received Correctly
Bit Sequence Received Reversed
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
Received
Sequence
Decode
Sequence
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
Received
Sequence
Decode
Sequence
Fig12: PSK Demodulation
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OFDM Receiver
Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
[24 135 148 139 142 140 131 . . . . ]
X = [1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0. . . ]
Y1 = [1 0 ]
Y2 = [1 1 ]
Y3 = [0 0]
Y4 = [0 0 ]
. . . . . . . . . . .
Yn = [Yx Yy]
OFDM Transceiver Overview

2
Modulator
Demodula
tor
125 356 356 67 13 98 238 43 23
445 97 125 12 89 65 982 378 43
334 33 454 24 65 234 23 56 87
23 43 87 56 65 982 356 334 125
43 378 345 33 454 24 65 234 445
87 56 356 67 546 13 356 356 334
125 65 234 33 123 89 125 125 345
33 454 24 65 234 65 454 454 621
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
125 356 356 67 13 98 238 43 23
445 97 125 12 89 65 982 378 43
334 33 454 24 65 234 23 56 87
23 43 87 56 65 982 356 334 125
43 378 345 33 454 24 65 234 445
87 56 356 67 546 13 356 356 334
125 65 234 33 123 89 125 125 345
33 454 24 65 234 65 454 454 621
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
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Outline
Part I : OFDM Fundamentals
Part II : OFDM Transceiver Design
Part III : OFDM Simulation Result
Part IV : OFDM Simulation Demonstration

Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
Simulation Parameters
Table 1: OFDM system parameters used for this simulations
Parameter Value
Source Image Size 345 x 216 (Bitmap Image)
Carrier Modulation used QPSK
FFT size 1024
Number of carrier used 500
Guard Time FFT_Size/4 (25%)
Guard Period Type
Half zero signal, half a cyclic
extension of the symbol
Channel Model AWGN
Signal-to-Noise Ratio 10 db
Transmitter Plots
Fig13: OFDM Transmitter input data Fig14: OFDM Modulated data
Fig16: OFDM Transmitted Signal with AWGN Noise Fig15: OFDM Transmitted Signal
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Fig13: OFDM Transmitter input data
Fig14: OFDM Modulated Data Fig15: OFDM Transmitted Signal Fig16: OFDM Transmitted Signal with AWGN Noise
Receiver Plots
Fig17:: OFDM Receved data Phase Fig18: OFDM Demodulated data
Fig19: SNR vs Error rate
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Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
Fig17: OFDM Receved data Phase
Fig18: OFDM Demodulated data
Fig19: SNR vs Error rate
BER/SNR Analysis
SNR(db) BPSK_BER QPSK_BER 16-PSK_BER 256-PSK_BER
1 5.212024 23.256844 73.984836 98.377617
2 3.416868 18.671162 71.225845 98.213902
3 2.028818 14.022746 67.938808 98.016640
4 1.093666 10.117754 64.443773 97.788513
5 0.509595 6.668009 60.731347 97.576490
6 0.196088 3.951288 56.298980 97.274557
7 0.061057 2.111849 51.635802 96.814278
8 0.015264 0.968532 46.270129 96.388889
9 0.001510 0.369028 41.286232 95.958132
10 0.000335 0.125470 35.609903 95.526033
11 0.000000 0.021471 30.244230 95.033548
12 0.000000 0.005703 24.618894 94.480676
13 0.000000 0.000335 19.346484 93.855341
14 0.000000 0.000000 14.547772 93.059581
15 0.000000 0.000000 10.267713 92.340311
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Table 2: BER vs SNR due to M-PSK Modulation
October 23, 2014 Northern University Bangladesh 47
BER/SNR Analysis
Fig20: BER for M-PSK modulation over AWGN Noise
October 23, 2014 Northern University Bangladesh 48
Pixel Error Rate(PER)
Fig21: PER for M-PSK modulation
Transmitted Image
Transmitted Image
Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
Received Images using BPSK
BPSK; SNR = 10 dB
BPSK; SNR = 0 dB
BPSK; SNR = 15dB
BPSK; SNR = 5 dB
Received Images using QPSK
QPSK; SNR = 10 dB
QPSK; SNR = 0 dB
QPSK; SNR = 15dB
QPSK; SNR = 5 dB
Received Images using 16-PSK
16-PSK; SNR = 10 dB
16-PSK; SNR = 0 dB
16-PSK; SNR = 15dB
16-PSK; SNR = 5 dB
Received Images using 256-PSK
256-PSK; SNR = 10 dB
256-PSK; SNR = 0 dB
256-PSK; SNR = 15dB
256-PSK; SNR = 5 dB
Matlab Code
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Referance
Schulze, Henrik and Christian Luders. Theory and Applications of OFDM and CDMA
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2005
Theory of Frequency Division Multiplexing:
http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/ph/p/id/269
Acosta, Guillermo. OFDM Simulation Using MATLAB 2000\
A Brief History of OFDM
http://www.wimax.com/commentary/wimax_weekly/sidebar-1-1-a-brief-history-
of-ofdm
Lui, Hui and Li, Guoqing. OFDM-Based Broadband Wireless Networks Design and
Optimization Wiley-Interscience 2005
Litwin, Louis and Pugel, Michael. The Principles of OFDM 2001
Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014
56
Outline
Part I : OFDM Fundamentals
Part II : OFDM Transceiver Design
Part III : OFDM Simulation Result
Part IV : OFDM Simulation Demonstration

Northern University Bangladesh October 23, 2014