female reproductive system - uterus

Uterus
-cyclic menstrual cycle
-endometrium
-proliferative (follicular)
-secretory (luteal)

-control via ovarian cycle (hormones)

-phases divided by ovulation
female reproductive system - uterus

Proliferative Endometrium
-regeneration (estrogen)
-via glandular epithelium
-stratum basalis
-stratum spongiosum
-stratum compactum
-stratum functionalis
female reproductive system - uterus

Secretory Endometrium

-glandular expansion (progesterone)

-glycogen, glycoproteins
-nutrients for ovum
female reproductive system - uterus

Menstrual Endometrium
-corpus luteum dies
-blood supply cut off
-functionalis sloughed
female reproductive system - uterus

Uterine wall
-smooth muscle
-interwoven
-expands during pregnancy
-contraction (oxytocin)
female reproductive system - cervix

Cervix
-junction between uterus and vagina -ecto-cervix
-two sides -stratified squamous
-Pap test
-endo-cervix
-columnar epithelium
-highly folded (NOT glands)
-secrete mucous
-
female reproductive system - vagina

Vagina
-stratified squamous epithelium
-thick elastic lamina propria
-blood vessels
-no glands (cervical mucous)
-smooth muscle layer
-bacterial flora
-acid pH
female reproductive system - mammary gland

Mammary Glands
-modified apocrine sweat glands
-lobe
-lobules
-acini
female reproductive system - mammary gland

Mammary Glands
-cyclical hormonal changes
-corpus luteum

-pregnancy
-proliferation of acini
-control via placenta
-secretion = colostrum
-laxative
-antibodies

-lactating
-prolactin (nursing)
-milk production
-oxytocin
-myo-epithelial contraction
How do I study for this $#@* !!! course

-don’t over study, study what I talk about

-don’t memorize, you can’t do it
-don’t go stamp collecting
-don’t study by google

-come to lecture, listen ?...

-read your text, only what I go over in lecture
-Blue histology, nice explanations
-nice pictures
-Do your labs
-virtual slidebox
-learn your basic tissues
-put it together = function
-important stuff on lecture slides
-keys to what is diagnostic
Final Exam

-65+ questions

-45 from material after midterm 2

-20 from material on midterm 1 and midterm 2

-more from everywhere

-mark is out of 65
Bone
Bone Cells
Bone
Periosteum Endosteum
Bone

Compact Bone

-Haversian systems (osteons)

-Interstitial lamellae
Bone

Spongy Bone

Cancellous Bone
Bone

Bone development
Endochondral
Intramembranous

primary bone = new (woven)

secondary bone = remodeled

(lamellar)
Bone questions
-characterize
-primary (woven) bone
-secondary (lamellar) bone

identify
-spongy (cancellous) bone
-compact bone

identify the organ

-bone
Urinary system

Kidney Cortex

Renal
corpuscle

Medullary ray
Urinary system

Renal Corpuscle

Glomerulous
-Capillaries
-Visceral layer

Bowman’s capsule
-Parietal layer = outside
-Visceral layer = around
glomerulous
Urinary system

Renal Corpuscle
Urinary system

Proximal Tubule
-Simple cuboidal epithelium
with microvilli
-frothy cells
-irregular lumen ???
Urinary system

Distal Tubule
-Simple cuboidal epithelium
-thin cells** (not always)
-smooth lumen nuclei slightly
flattened
-more nuclei/cross section
Urinary system

Other renal corpuscle etc

-macula densa (distal tubule) = senses salt concentration
-juxtaglomerular apparatus = regulates blood flow
Urinary system

Collecting (Papillary) ducts

-cell boundaries clear
-simple columnar (with microvilli)
Urinary system

Renal Papilla
-epithelium stratified cuboidal transitional

Renal calyx
Urinary system

Ureter
-transitional epithelium
-no muscularis mucosae
-no submucosal glands
-muscularis externa (two layers not clear)
esophogus

ureter
Urinary system

Bladder
-thick wall, muscularis
-transitional epithelium

Identify = urinary epithelium

Characterize = transitional epithelium

Male repro

Seminiferous tubule
-spermatogonia
-spermatocytes
-spermatids
-spermatozoa

--spermatogenesis
-spermatogonia
-spermatocytes
-spermiogenesis
-spermatids
-spermatozoa
Male repro

Spermatogonia
-on outside of tube
-usually dark dense nucleus
sometimes pale

Spermatocytes
-granular large nucleus
-chromosomes visible
-in middle of tube wall
Male repro

Spermatids
-small round nucleus
-closer to lumen than spermatocytes
Male repro

Spermatozoa
-thin nucleus
-sertoli cells
-support
-barrier (blood testes)
-tight junctions
Male repro

Spermatogonia
-diploid

Spermatocytes
-ones you can see = diploid

-all spermatids = haploid

Male repro

Leydig cells
-outside of seminiferous tubule
-testosterone
Male repro
Testis tubules
-ductus efferentes = irregular lumen
-spermatazoa in lumen
-epithelium = simple cuboidal
~columnar

-rete testis = convoluted

-epithelium = simple cuboidal
Male repro

Epididymus
-pseudostratified with stereocilia
-lumen spermatozoa

Prostate

concretions
Male repro
Seminal vesicle
-highly convoluted pseudo-stratified
-lobules
oviduct
-septa
Male repro
Vas deferens
-pseudostratified epithelium
-narrow convoluted lumen esophogus ureter
-thick muscle layers
Female repro

Ovary
-follicles
-cortex
-medulla
Female repro

Follicles
-primordial (flattened cells) -secondary (antrum)

-primary (cuboidal cells)

unilaminar multilaminar
Female repro

Follicles

-Graffian follicle
-corona radiata
-cumulous oophrus
-zona granulosa
-theca

-Atretic follicle
was an endocrine gland
Female repro

Corpus Luteum

-what is it ?
-follicular layer graffian follicle
-what does it become ?
-Corpus albicans
-function
-endocrine gland
-progesterone
Female repro

Oviduct

-highly folded
-fairly small (compare to
esophogus)
-no submucosal glands

-epithelium simple columnar ciliated

-function
-move oocyte

-compare
-vas deferens (pseudostratified)
-esophogus (stratified squamous)
-ureter (???) look at muscularis
Female repro

Oviduct

-epithelium simple columnar ciliated

-less stroma

Rete Testis
-simple cuboidal
-thick stroma
Female repro

Uterus

-epithelium simple columnar

-functionalis
-proliferative layer
-basalis
-remains unchanged
Female repro

Uterus
proliferative secretory
 Things that look the same
I have provided some examples of tissues or organs
that appear similar, what is diagnostic to differentiate
between them. It is certainly not an exhaustive list but
contains those things that people have asked about.
There are other examples in your lectures and in other
reviews.
Things that look the same

Rete Testis & Cancellous Bone

Cancellous bone has either bone

marrow or connective tissue
around it

Rete testis has space, remember it

is a tubular structure
Things that look the same

Seminiferous tubules & epidiymus

Seminiferous tubules have a

distinctive epithelium of
differentiating cells. It looks
spotted.

Epididymus has a pseudostratified

epithelium and has spermatazoa
in the lumen
Things that look the same

Ductus efferentes & bronchiole

Ductus efferentes has irregular

epithelium, and spermatazoa in
the lumen

Bronchiole is in the lung, folded

epithelium surrounded by alveoli,
and probably shouldn’t contain
spermatazoa
Things that look the same

Oviduct & seminal vesicle

Oviduct is smaller, circular, and

does not have septa separating
the lumen into segments

Seminal vesicle is irregular in

shape and has septa creating
distinct lobules
Things that look the same

Urethra & ureter

Ureter joins the kidneys to the

bladder. It has a stellate lumen
and is a tubular organ.

Urethra empties the bladder to the

exterior. It has a somewhat
flattened lumen and I will only
show it to you in the penis.
Things that look the same

Mammary gland & prostate

Prostate has an extensive dense

irregular connective tissue stroma,
and prostate concretions. The
lumen of the glands appear
different since they represent
different glands.

Mammary gland is much larger,

has less connective tissue stroma,
and while the lumen of the
glandular tissue varies in size the
shapes are similar
Things that look the same

Vagina & esophogus

Vagina has stratified squamous

epithelium, but distinctively NO
GLANDS. There are A LOT of
blood vessels. Connective tissue
under epithelium is dense
irregular.

The epithelium of esophogus is

similar in appearance, however,
the lamina propria is a loose
connective tissue. Notice also the
MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE
diagnostic of the digestive
system. In the submucosa one
often sees seromucous glands
Things that look the same

Vagina & skin

Vagina has stratified squamous

epithelium, but distinctively NO
GLANDS. There are A LOT of
blood vessels. There are no hair
follicles and the epithelium is NOT
keratinized

In skin the epithelium can be

keratinized or not, there are sweat
glands, hair, and sebacous glands
(all epidermal derivatives). The
hypodermis (unilocular adipose
tissue) is also a distinctive feature.
Things that look the same

Cartilage & bone

Cartilage has a lot more lacunae

than bone, they appear to have
more empty space. There are no
blood vessels or nerve therefore
no haversian canals or connective
tissue. Notice also distinctive
territorial matrix outlining each
isogenous group

Bone has fewer cells, hence fewer

lacunae. The tissue is organized in
lamellae and is perforated by
haversian canals that contain the
blood vessels.
myelinated nerve unilocular adipose

ganglion multilocular adipose

Digestive System
-mucosa
-epithelium
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosae

-submucosa
-loose connective tissue

-muscularis externa
-inner circular
-outer longitudinal

-adventitia
-serosa
esophogus small intestine

stomach large intestine

Proximal
Distal
Collecting ducts

loop of henle
-only if see loop
Podocytes

-end feet

-filtration slits
 Reticular Fibers
-fibery, lacey,...

Bile canaliculi
-angular, stick like
 Primary bone = woven bone = no lamellae

secondary bone = lamellae

periosteum (outside ~muscle ?)

endosteum (inside ~bone marrow?)

 periosteum (dense irregular connective tissue)

Sharpey’s fibres
Chondrocytes Chondroblasts
-lacuna -no lacuna
-inside cartilage -at surface

Perichondrium
-dense irregular connective tissue
 Pseudo-stratified transitional

-has cilia or stereocilia -no surface modification

-goblet cells (trachea) -cells all one type
-bottle shaped cells -pillow cells apical
 cilia Stereocilia

-even hair like appearance -uneven, ragged

-sometimes clumped -almost always clumped
-about 1 nucleus high --2-3X nucleus high
-many/cell -1-2/cell
-tubulin core (highly motile) -actin core (immotile)
 Basement membrane/basal lamina

-usually cannot see

-can be stained (blue=collagen)
-if thick can be visible (pale pink=collagen)
 Dense irregular loose

-more fibers than cells -more cells than fibers

-more fibers than space -more space than fibers

Use more than one criteria

No absolutes loose-----dense
-pancreas
-combined endocrine/exocrine gland
-islet endocrine (nodule, lots of BVs)
-exocrine pancreas multiple acini
Stomach,… LAYERS!!!!

Uterus (endometrium), no pits

Ductus efferentes high/low epithelium

Epididymus pseudostratified epithelium

Bone
Bone Cells
Bone

Spongy Bone

Cancellous Bone
Identify the organ 1: what do I see ?: villi ?
2: epithelium ?: yes but ??
3: work on layers:
mucosa,
muscularis mucosa
digestive system
4: what is distinctive ?:

submucosal glands
duodenum
 1: what do I see ?:
Identify the organ pink..., columns of cells
2: Is there an edge ?:
Yes, epithelium
columnar
3: Anything else ?:
No
4: Columns ?:
different types of
cells. some
round and pale
some short and
dark
5: Round cells ?:
fried eggs
stomach

6: what part of stomach ?:

pits to glands ?
fundic stomach
 1: what do I see ?:
Identify the organ folds ? doesn’t help
2: edge ?:
Yes, work in
epithelium is
keratinized startified
squamous skin
 1: what do I see ?:
Characterize the tissue
weird, lined up
striped nuclei....
2: Cells ?:
fusiform... all the
same
3: smooth muscle ?:
sure...
4: anything else ?:
dense irregular connective
tissue ?... No, too
homogenous.

Dense regular ? No too

much space

smooth muscle