Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
www.google.com
216.239.39.99 www.apnic.net
202.12.29.20
www.ietf.org
4.17.168.6 www.ebay.com
66.135.208.101
202.12.29.142
www.ebay.com
66.135.208.88 www.dogs.biz
209.217.36.32
www.doggie.com
198.41.3.45
www.gnso.org
199.166.24.5
Introduction
For a host to communicate with any other host
Need a universal identification system
Need to name each host
Internet address or IP address is a 32-bit address
that uniquely defines a host or a router on the
internet
The IP addresses are unique in the sense that two
devices can never have the same address.
However, a device can have more one address.
Internet Address Routing
Global Routing Table
Announce
202.12.29.0/24
Traffic
202.12.29.0/24
202.12.29.0/24
Internet Address Routing
Traffic
202.12.29.142
202.12.29.142
202.12.29.0/24
Finding the class in decimal
notation
Netid and Hostid
Millions of class A
addresses are wasted.
Classes and Blocks (cont’d)
Class B is divided into 16,384 blocks with
each block having a different netid
Subnetting
A network is divided into several smaller networks with
each subnetwork (or subnet) having its subnetwork
address
Supernetting
Combining several class C addresses to create a larger
range of addresses
IP Addresses are designed with two levels of
hierarchy
Subnetting
Classes A, B, C in IP addressing are designed with two
levels of hierarchy (not subnetted)
Netid and Hostid
Subnetting (cont’d)
Further division of a network into smaller networks
called subnetworks
R1 differentiating subnets
Subnetting (cont’d)
Three levels of hierarchy : netid, subnetid,
and hostid
Subnetting Example
128.10.1.1
H1 128.10.1.2
H2
Sub-network 128.10.1.0
Internet G
All traffic
to 128.10.0.0
128.10.2.1
H3 128.10.2.2
H4
Net mask 255.255.0.0
Sub-network 128.10.2.0
IPv4 IPv6
Allocation
Allocation
Assignment
end
user
IPv4 lifetime
n s
a t i o
l oc ns
A al at io t ed
AN c u
I
al lo ro
R ses
RI r es
d d
A
Reclamation?
http://bgp.potaroo.net/ipv4
why IPv6 was developed?
Address depletion concerns Increase of backbone routing
3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234
3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234
0 15 16 31
vers hlen TOS total length Removed (6)
identification flags flag-offset • ID, flags, flag offset
20 TTL protocol header checksum • TOS, hlen
bytes
source address • header checksum
destination address
destination address
Expanded
• address 32 to 128 bits
IPv6
Major Improvements of
IPv6 Header
No option field: Replaced by extension
header. Result in a fixed length, 40-byte
IP header.
No header checksum: Result in fast
processing.
No fragmentation at intermediate nodes:
Result in fast IP forwarding.
IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Address
IPv4-Mapped addresses allow a host that
support both IPv4 and IPv6 to
communicate with a host that supports
only IPv4.
• NTT Communications began offering IPv6 Internet service in April 2001. One of
the largest ISPs in Japan, NTT Communications, provides several commercial
IPv6 services.
• Dual stack (IPv4 and IPv6) ADSL services have been offered since 2002. In addition
NTT Com has operated a dual-stack IPv6/IPv4 backbone connection since 2004.
• Since 2005, NTT Com has provided dual-stack Ethernet access (e.g. for fibre)
for enterprise users.
2.Google
• Google started to consult vendors in 2004 and received a “/32” IPv6 delegation
from ARIN in 2005.
• To ensure that service over IPv4 is not affected, Google is likely to use
separate domain name for its IPv6 service
• Another challenge for Google is that in its search for minimal latency, it has
been implementing very fast IPv4 Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)
chips
References
http://www.nro.net/statistics/
http://faculty.yu.edu.jo/ALAJLOUNI/DownloadHandler.ashx?pg=7eba14be-
85f4-42bd-a8e1-06efb535a25§ion=cf8eda12-0cde-4ff8-b67d-
76de74fad17d&file=Chap-04.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ip_address