Overcurrent Protection

VA TECH Transmission & Distribution
1
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
PEEBLES REYROLLE
Overcurrent Protection
Fundamentals of Operation and Application
K. Hearfield

2
PEEBLES REYROLLE
1a) Overcurrent Condition
Load
Load
Short
circuit
Current increases
with load
MOTOR MOTOR
Overcurrent protection
is provided for short
circuit clearance
Overload protection is
related to thermal
capacity of the plant
Most commonly used overcurrent devices are fuses and relays
OVERCURRENT CONDITION OVERLOAD CONDITION

3
PEEBLES REYROLLE
2a) Overcurrent Protection for Phase Faults
3 Phase
Overcurrent
Relay
Relays are used in conjunction
with circuit breaking device
Fuses
Detect and interrupt overcurrents
3 Phase Fault
2 Phase Fault
2 Phase
Overcurrent
Relay
Fault magnitude limited by
impedances of primary plant
Can provide cost saving - widely used,
but not suitable for all applications

4
PEEBLES REYROLLE
2b) Overcurrent Protection for Earth Faults
2 PH - E Fault
PH - E Fault
3 PH - E Fault
Residually
connected
relay
Core
Balance
CT
Zero output
for balanced
or phase fault
conditions
EF current path thru
generator earth
Fault magnitude limited by:
Primary plant impedance
Method of earthing
System neutral resistance
Sensitive protection may be required
- settings below load current
EF current path thru
transformer earth

5
PEEBLES REYROLLE
2c) Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection
2 Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault 3 Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault
Can provide cost saving - widely used,
but not suitable for all applications

6
PEEBLES REYROLLE
3) Methods of System Earthing
SOLID
High EF Current
EARTHING
TRANSFORMER
Used where system
neutral not available
RESISTANCE
Low 400 - 1200A
High 5 - 100A
REACTANCE
Smaller and less
expensive than resistance.
Can cause high over-volts.
PETERSON COIL
Reactance chosen to
equal system capacitance
ISOLATED NEUTRAL
Zero EF Current

7
PEEBLES REYROLLE
PROTECTION CO-ORDINATION AND GRADING

8
PEEBLES REYROLLE
4) Radial Distribution System
HV
Power
Source
S/Stn A S/Stn D S/Stn E S/Stn C S/Stn B
S/Stn F
Selective fault clearance is required for
PHASE-PHASE and PHASE-EARTH faults
Instantaneous overcurrent protection at each
location would not provide discrimination.
UNNACCEPTABLE TO SHUT DOWN WHOLE
SYSTEM FOR EVERY FAULT
Radial Power System
Power source feeds through a number of
substations - load taken from each S/Stn
LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD
MV
Load

9
PEEBLES REYROLLE
4.1) Current Graded Protection
2900A
2400A
8800A
5400A
13100A
6850A
B A
Relay at 'A' set to
operate for max. fault
current at remote end
8800A
630A
600A
1200A
1100A
(Equivalent
HV Currents)
MV
Load
Fault
current
Max.
Min.
F1
F2
AIM - Protection co-ordinated to ensure minimum unfaulted load is
disconnected
Unreliable Scheme
Currents F1 and F2 may be similar - loss of discrimination
For minimum infeed A - B may be unprotected
NOTE: Max. fault at S/Stn. E < min. fault current between D-E
A D C B
6
3
0
A
8
8
0
0
A
2
9
0
0
A
1
2
0
0
A
F
E
D C
t
Amps
RADIAL
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

10
PEEBLES REYROLLE
4.2) Time Graded Protection
Infeed
B A
1.4s
MV
Load
A
D
C
B
F
E
D C
t
Amps
1.0s 0.6s 0.2s
0.2s
1.4s
1.0s
0.6s
Operating
characteristic:
Definite time
delay
Relays nearer to power source are set to
operate in progressively longer times
DISADVANTAGE
Longest clearance time for faults nearest
to source

11
PEEBLES REYROLLE
Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Operating Characteristic
Operate current = 1.05 x setting

At 2x setting operate time = 10s

3/10 operating curve

Definite minimum time

Numeric IDMT relay operating algorithm:
2s
3s
10s
2x 10x 30x
Time Multiplier = 1.0
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e
Multiple of Current Setting
. .
1
14 . 0
02 . 0
M T
I
I
t
S
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

12
PEEBLES REYROLLE
Current and Time Grading of
IDMT Curves
2s
3s
10s
2A 10A 30A
0.2s
0.3s
1s
2A 10A 30A
Current Setting 1A
Time Multiplier 1.0
Current Setting 1A
Time Multiplier 1.5
Time Multiplier 0.1
2.27s
3.62s
24.5s
2A 10A 30A
Current Setting 1.5A
Time Multiplier 1.0
15s
4.5s
3s

13
PEEBLES REYROLLE
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
Time
(sec)
Long Time Inverse
Normal Inverse
Current (multiples of setting)
1 10 100 2 3 4 5 6 8 20 30 50 70
Extremely Inverse
Very Inverse
IDMT Curve - General applications
. .
1
14 . 0
02 . 0
M T
I
I
t
S
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
VIDMT Curve
Closer grading where fault
levels differ significantly
. .
1
5 . 13
M T
I
I
t
S
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
EIDMT Curve Grading with fuses
. .
1
80
2
M T
I
I
t
S
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
LTIDMT Curve - Grading with liquid resistor
. .
1
120
M T
I
I
t
S
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Characteristics can be supplemented with LS and HS
Stages e.g. to assist grading with complex characteristics
4.3a) IDMTL Curves - Time and Current Grading

14
PEEBLES REYROLLE
4.3b) Fuse Co-ordination
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Minimum
Relay
Operating
Time
Pre-Arcing
Arcing
Relay
Overshoot
0 ms
Pre-
Arcing
Arcing
Safety
Margin
0 ms
Pre-
Arcing
Between
relay
and
fuse
Between
two
fuses
Recommended current ratio 3:1
- avoids overlap of characteristics
Recommended current ratio > 2:1
t' = 0.4tf + 0.15s
T.D. of 0.2s will ensure
grading at high fault levels
EIDMT relay &
fuse characteristics
Fuse
characteristics

15
PEEBLES REYROLLE
4.3c) Co-ordination between Time Graded Relays
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Minimum
Relay
Operating
Time
Maximum
Relay
Operating
Time
CT Error
- IDMT only
Circuit
Breaker
Tripping
Time
Overshoot
(R2)
Safety
Margin
0 ms
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Minimum
Relay
Operating
Time
Pre-
Arcing
Arcing
Overshoot
0 ms
Between
relay and
fuse
Between
two
relays
Recommended current ratio 3:1
R1 R2

16
PEEBLES REYROLLE
4.3d) Time Grading - Nominating Grading Margin
CB Trip Time 150ms 80ms
Safety Margin 50ms 40ms
Over-shoot 80ms 40ms
Timing Error 7.5% 5%
Argus 2TJM
Older
System
Newer
System
CT Error
Circuit
Breaker
Tripping
Time
Overshoot
Safety
Margin
0 ms
Max. Op. Time
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Min. Op.
Time
250ms
CT Error
Circuit
Breaker
Tripping
Time
Overshoot
Safety
Margin
0 ms
Max. Op. Time
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Min. Op.
Time
400ms
Older System
Newer System

17
PEEBLES REYROLLE
4.3e) System Study for IDMT Protection
Infeed
B A
F
E
D
C
300/5
50A
165A
95A 80A
33/11kV
10 MVA
33kV Bus 11kV Bus
390A
400/5
225A 200/5 100/5
11kV/415V
1 MVA
X = 7%
X = 4%
1600A
130A
3ph Max. Fault
3ph. Min. Fault
12596A
6846A
5753A
4156A
2882A
2417A
1410A
1289A
626A
601A
Current Setting - Higher than max. load
Time graded @ max. 3ph. fault current
PROCEDURE
Grade: D with Fuse
C with D
B with C
A with B

18
PEEBLES REYROLLE
4.3f) IDMT Grading Calculation Results
Infeed
B A
F
E
D
C
300/5
50A
165A
95A 80A
33/11kV
10 MVA
33kV Bus
11kV Bus
390A
400/5
225A 200/5 100/5
11kV/415V
1 MVA
X =
7%
X =
4%
1600A
130A
3ph Max. Fault 12596 5753A 2882A 1410A 626A
@ D: P.S.M. = 626/(100 x 1.25) = 5
For p.s.m. 5: NI operating time = 4.3s
4.3 x TMS = 4.3 x 0.05 = 0.215s
Grading margin steps 0.4s
Relay at 'A' operates for a close up fault in 0.75s.
IDMT fault clearance time < DTL time
DTL system relay at 'A' operate time
= 0.2 + 3 x 0.4 = 1.4s
t
Amps
A
D
C
B
5
7
5
3
6
2
6
2
8
8
2
1
4
1
0
0.205
1.05
0.63
0.54
Relay
Current
Setting
TMS
A 125% 0.375
D 125% 0.05
C 75% 0.175
B 100% 0.275

19
PEEBLES REYROLLE
Power and Voltage Ratings
Equipment Impedances
CT Ratios
Fuse Ratings
Relay Characteristics
4.4a) Industrial System Protection Co-ordination Study
Single Line Diagram
11/0.4 kV
1500 kVA
5%
280 MVA
2500/1
2500/1
1600/1
450A

20
PEEBLES REYROLLE
4.4b) Co-ordination Issues
Single Line
Diagram
Normal Operation
Emergency
Operation
No Operating
Restrictions
25kA
25kA
F
25kA
25kA
44kA
22kA
Establish load flow and short circuit currents
Grading curves plotted beginning at lowest voltage level and largest load.
Grade at the maximum fault level that can be seen by both relays simultaneously.
Grade at fuse cut-off point if less than the above.
F F
1000A
500A
2000A
500A
1000A
500A

21
PEEBLES REYROLLE
Protection Grading - Software

22
PEEBLES REYROLLE
PROTECTION FOR LOW EARTH
FAULT CURRENT LEVELS

23
PEEBLES REYROLLE
5.1) Sensitive Earth Fault Protection
Core
Balance
CT
Core summates fluxes of primary currents
Only one core is used - CT magnetising current
is reduced by approximately 3 to 1
Number of secondary turns need not be related
to rated current of protected circuit - can be
optimised to protection setting
SEF relay current setting as low as possible
limited by residual unbalance capacitance -
established by test
Low CT burden required - e.g. numeric relay
DTL characteristic, back-up function
S.E.F. Relay
Low earth fault current
Semi insulating object

24
PEEBLES REYROLLE
5.2) Neutral Displacement Protection
Balanced
System
voltages
V
RES
= 0
R phase EF
V
RES
= V
YR
+ V
BR
= 3V
PH
EF on non-effectively earthed system
Faulted phase must not remain energised.
EF current very small
- OC detection may be impractical
NDR detects residual voltage to earth
Operation not discriminative
- time delay required
NDR

25
PEEBLES REYROLLE
HIGH-SET INSTANTANEOUS PROTECTION

26
PEEBLES REYROLLE
6a) High Set Overcurrent Protection
Reach of high set
7000 12500
A
B
5700
Inverse time element
Inverse
time element
Reach of high set
Set above max. fault
current at s/stn. B
Instantaneous high-set
primary setting 7000A
Plain Feeder
Transformer Feeder

27
PEEBLES REYROLLE
6b) HSOC Example - Calculating System Impedances
Transformer Feeder
33kV
Max fault 1000 MVA
Min fault 650 MVA
20km (0.3 + j0.43) Ohms/km
Instantaneous high-set
33/11kV
24MVA
Z = 22.5%
11kv
To determine system impedances:
OHL impedance = 20(0.3 + j0.43) = 6 + j8.6 Ohms
Source impedance Min = j33000
2
/1000 x 10
6
= j1.09 Ohms
Max = j33000
2
/650 x 10
6
= j1.68 Ohms
Transformer 100% impedance @ 33kV = j33000
2
/24 x 10
6
= j45.38 Ohms
22.5% impedance on 24MVA = 0.225 x 45.38
= j10.21 Ohms

28
PEEBLES REYROLLE
6c) HSOC Example - Establishing Relay Setting
IDMT element
33kV Source
Max impedance = j1.68 Ohms
Min impedance = j1.09 Ohms
6 + j8.6 Ohms
HSOC
33/11kV
j10.21 Ohms
11kV
3ph max infeed
917A @ 33kV
Min infeed:
3ph fault 1601A
ph-ph fault 1387A
Where compromise is necessary: Stability is preferred to high speed protection
Min. system impedance to LV busbars = min source + line + transformer
= j1.09 +(6 + j8.6) + j10.21 = 20.78 Ohms
Max. LV 3-phase fault = 33000/(1.732 x 20.78) = 917A
Max. system Z to transf. HV side = max source + line
= j1.68 +(6 + j8.6) = 11.9 Ohms
Min. HV 3-phase fault = 33000/(1.732 x 11.9) = 1601A
Min. HV PH-PH Fault = 0.866 x 1601 = 1387A
Best achievable grading margin = (1387/917)^0.5 = 23%
i.e. RELAY SETTING OF APPROX 1128A PRIMARY

29
PEEBLES REYROLLE
APPLICATION OF OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

30
PEEBLES REYROLLE
7.1a) Effect of System Capacitance in Resistance Earthed System
Instantaneous earth fault protection can be used to protect
feeder and un-earthed transformer winding, however:
For an earth fault at F1:
EF relay on healthy circuit may operate if not set above I
C
I
C
= I
BC
+ I
YC
= 3 x nominal charging current/phase
F1
Delta or Un -
Earthed Star
Winding
I
BC
I
YC
I
C
V
R
I
YC
I
BC
I
C
V
Y
V
B
N

31
PEEBLES REYROLLE
7.1b) EF Protection Applied to Non-Earthed Transformer Feeder
F1
I
BC
I
YC
I
C
7km Feeder
Charging current - 1.8A/km
33kV
V
R
I
YC
= 21.8A
I
BC
I
C
= 37.8A
V
Y
V
B
N
On occurence of an EF (F1) the affected phase will be earthed. 33kV
system is resistance earthed, healthy phase voltage rises to line
volts level.
Normal per phase capacitance increased by a factor of 1.732
For fault F1:
EF relay on healthy circuit may operate if not set above IC
IC = 7 x 1.8 x 3 = 37.8A primary
Set relay 2 to 3 x 37.8A i.e. 75 - 112.5A

32
PEEBLES REYROLLE
7.2) HSOC & EF Protection for Transformer Feeders
F2
F1
F3
TRIP
E
1
P
E
2
P = Phase fault protection relay
E
1
= Residual earth fault relay
E
2
= Earth fault check relay
Earthed Winding
Provides inst. prot for transformer feeder phase and earth faults
For fault F3 E2 will not operate
For fault F2 E1 will not operate
P Set to
> 1.5 x max. lv fault current
> 2 x min. in zone (hv) fault current
E
2
Set to
< P (for faults at F2 E
2
may operate but P must not)
> LV infeed to a fault at F3
(since E2 operated by +ve and -ve sequence currents)

33
PEEBLES REYROLLE
7.3) Faults on Star Delta Transformers
K
I
3
K
I
3
SOURCE
F
K
I
3
K
I
3
F
K
I
3
SOURCE
I
I I
I
I
I
K
I
3
2
Earth faults on star side of transformer is seen as a phase fault on Delta side

A phase fault on the star side of the transformer requires an additional current grading
margin of :

Care must be taken if applying 2 phase overcurrent protection to HV side:
2P protection suitable if minimum fault current/full load current > 4
% 16
3
2
= I
I

34
PEEBLES REYROLLE
7.4) - Two Stage Overcurrent Protection
IDMT
Stage
1 Trip
DTL
Stage
2 Trip
Separate
HV and LV
Overcurrent
Protection
2 Stage Overcurrent
Protection
Improved discrimination
Reduced grading margin
CT and Relay cost saving
Not applicable if there is a
possibilty of LV infeed to
transformer faults
IDMT
IDMT
HV Source HV Source

35
PEEBLES REYROLLE
7.5) - Interlocked Overcurrent Protection
Interlocked Overcurrent Relay
Normally Inhibited - Until
Operation of Busbar Prot.
Unit Feeder Protection
Busbar
Protection
F1
F3
F2
Feeder
F1 - Cleared by busbar protection
F3 - Cleared by circuit protection
F2 - Operates busbar protection
Will not be cleared by fdr. prot.

36
PEEBLES REYROLLE
7.6) Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Protection
Volts Controlled OC
Inhibits overcurrent protection unless
voltage is below set-point:
Typically 0.7 - 0.9 V
n
NETWORK
Overcurrent relay must be graded with network protection
Close up generator faults - initially high current.
May reduce rapidly - limited by amplitude of exitation
current and direct axis synchronous reactance
Volts Restrained OC Characteristic
T
a
p

S
e
t
t
i
n
g

a
s

%

o
f

T
a
p
S
e
t
t
i
n
g

a
t

R
a
t
e
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
25 100 75 50
25
50
75
100
Input Voltage (% of rated voltage)
Generator

37
PEEBLES REYROLLE
7.7) Flashing Fault Condition
FAULT
Clashing conductors or re-sealing cable
R1 R2
Loss of grading /discrimination may occur:
If R2 Electromechanical & R1 Inst. reset or if R2 DTL reset and R1 electromechanical
Some compromise may be necessary where more than two relay points are in series
R3
D
i
s
c

T
r
a
v
e
l
Electro-mechanical Relay
Time
TRIP
%

o
f

A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
Argus (Inst. Reset)
Time
Argus (DTL Reset)
TRIP

38
PEEBLES REYROLLE
DIRECTIONAL PROTECTION

39
PEEBLES REYROLLE
8a) Parallel Feeders - Application of OC Protection
LOAD
51 51
51 51
A
B
C
D
LOAD
51 51
51 51
A
B
C
D
I
1
I
2
Faulted feeder:
Fault current can flow in both directions
Relays C and D operate together
Both feeders will be tripped
I1 + I2
Conventional grading:
Grade A with C
Grade B with D
A and B have the same setting
C and D have the same setting
A & B
C & D

40
PEEBLES REYROLLE
8b) Parallel Feeders - Directional Protection
Solution to faulted feeder problem:
Directional control of Relays C and D
Relay D on unfaulted feeder does not operate
SETTING PHILOSOPHY:
Load current always flows in non-operate direction
Any current flowing in operate direction is indicative
of a fault condition.
Therefore relays C and D may have sensitive setting,
fast operating time
C & D usually set to 50% full load, low T.M.S (0.1)
LOAD
67
67 51 B
C
D
I
1
I
2
I1 + I2
51 A
51 E
GRADING PROCEDURE
Grade A and B with E, assuming one
feeder in service
Grade A with D (and B with C)
assuming both feeders in service

41
PEEBLES REYROLLE
9a) Ring System - Application of Time Graded OC Protection
LOAD
RMU
LOAD
RMU
67 67
LOAD
RMU
67 67
51
LOAD
RMU
67 67
LOAD
RMU
67 67
51
67
Source
Substation
67
With ring closed both load and fault current may flow in either direction - directional relays are required
Directional relays look into feeders - away from busbars
Non-directional relays can be used: At the source substation
On the RMU circuit with the longer time delay
A
F E D
C B
A'
B' C' D'
E' F'
0.9
2.1
0.1 1.7 0.5 1.3
0.9
1.3 0.5 1.7 0.1
2.1

42
PEEBLES REYROLLE
9b) Grading of IDMT Relays in Ring Main System
RMU
LOAD
RMU
67 67
LOAD
RMU
67 67
51
RMU
67 67
RMU
67 67
51
67
Source
Substation
67
A
F E D
C B
A'
B' C' D'
E' F'
Grading Procedure for IDMT Relays
Grading margins established at highest current level seen by
both relays
Highest fault level occurs with ring closed
Highest branch current occurs with ring open
Open ring at A
Grade A' - F' - E' - D' - C' - B'
Open ring at A'
Grade A - B - C - D - E - F
Relays A, B, C, A', E', F' may be non-directional

43
PEEBLES REYROLLE
9c) Grading of Ring Main with Argus Numerical Relays
LOAD
RMU
RMU RMU
51
RMU RMU
51
Source
Substation
Directional (Argus2) numerical relays can be set to tri-state, allowing
totally independent forward and reverse settings to be applied.
Outputs of Argus configured to trip relevant circuit breaker
Cost saving - less relays, CTs, installation etc.
67 67
67
67 67

44
PEEBLES REYROLLE
9d) Problem of Grading Ring Main with Two Sources
Correct discrimination between directional overcurrent relays is not possible:
For F1 - B' must operate before A', A before D
For F2 - B' must operate after A', A after D
67 67 67
A
B
B'
Source
Substation
67
C'
67
A'
67
C
F1
F2
RMU
67 67
D D'

45
PEEBLES REYROLLE
9e) Grading Ring Main with Two Sources
67 67 67
A B
B'
Source 1
Substation
67
C'
50
Option 1
Trip least important
source instantaneously
Then treat as ring main
with single source
RMU
67 67 67
A'
67
C D D'
87 87
Source 2
Substation
Option 2
Fit pilot wire protection to
circuit A - B
Consider S/Stns A & B as
common source busbar

46
PEEBLES REYROLLE
10a) Establishing Current Direction for Phase Faults
Directional OC protection required if current can flow in both directions through relay location e.g.
Parallel feeders, Ring main circuits
Direction of a.c. is by inference not an absolute quantity, it is measured relative to some reference quantity alternating at
the same frequency - the system voltage.
I = OPERATING QUANTITY
Reference V = POLARISING QUANTITY
Comparing phase current (e.g. I
RED
) with relevant phase voltage (e.g. V
RED
) would indicate dirn of current flow, however;
P.F. USUALLY LOW (Power system apart from loads is reactive)
USE OF FAULT VOLTAGE IS UNRELIABLE (System volts at point of fault will collapse towards zero)
Each phase of directional overcurrent relays must be polarised with a voltage which will not be reduced excessively (close
up 3-phase faults notwithstanding)

47
PEEBLES REYROLLE
10b) Table Illustrating Relay Connections
Example Red Phase
V
R
V
Y V
B
V
R-B
I
R
30
0
V
R
V
Y V
B
V
R-B
I
R-
Y
60
0
V
R
V
Y
V
B
-V
B-N
I
R
60
0
V
R
V
Y V
B
V
Y-B
I
R
Red
Phase
Yellow
Phase
Blue
Phase
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
30
0
Connection
60
0
No.2 Connection
Risk of mal-operation
for all fault types
60
0
No.1 Connection
Requires delta
connected CTs
90
0
Connection
V
B-Y
V
Y-R
V
R-B
I
R-Y
V
B-Y
V
Y-R
V
R-B
I
B-R
I
Y-B
-V
Y-N
-V
R-N
-V
B-N
V
R-Y
V
B-R
V
Y-B
Example Red Phase Example Red Phase
Example Red Phase
I
R
I
B
I
Y
I
R
I
B
I
Y
I
R
I
B
I
Y

48
PEEBLES REYROLLE
10c) 90
0
Relay Connection with Selectable MTA
For balanced system conditions:
90 - 30 Relay
MTA: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 60
0
Zero torque limits: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 150
0
Primary system volts lags primary system current by 30
0
90 - 45 Relay
MTA: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 45
0
W.K Sonnemann:
Zero torque limits: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 135
0
This relay gives the best characteristic
Primary system volts lags primary system current by 45
0
to fit the spread of possible phase angles
I
Tzero
I
UPF
V
I
maxT
I
Tzero
-45
0
135
0
45
0
90 - 45 Relay
Balanced
primary
system
conditions
Relay
Phase
Applied
Current
Applied
Voltage
MTA
(I wrt V)
Relay Circuit
R I
R
V
Y-B
30
B I
B
V
R-Y
Y I
Y
V
B-R
R I
R
V
Y-B
45
B I
B
V
R-Y
Y I
Y
V
B-R
I
I'
MTA
V
30
0
I
I'
MTA
V
45
0
MTA = displacement of
current and voltage
applied to relay

49
PEEBLES REYROLLE
11a) Establishing Current Direction for Earth Faults
Require:
OPERATING QUANTITY, POLARISING QUANTITY
Operating Signal
Obtained from residual connection of line CTs I
OP
= 3I
o
Polarising Signal
Ph - Ph or Ph - E voltages used in overcurrent protection
become inappropriate.
Residual voltage is used as the polarising quantity

50
PEEBLES REYROLLE
11b) DEF - Extracting Residual Voltage
To allow for the flow of zero
sequence voltage components:
VT primary must be earthed
VT can be of 3 phase, 5 limb construction or
3 single phase units
V
RES
V
RES
= V
A-G
+ V
B-G
+ V
C - G
= 3V
O
Open delta VT
secondary

51
PEEBLES REYROLLE
11c) DEF - Residual Voltage for Solidly Earthed Systems
Z
S
/Z
L
high
Z
S
/Z
L
low
System
Volts
System
Volts
Residual
Volts
Residual
Volts
S Z
S
R Z
L
F
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
May limit
use of voltage
polarised relays
- modern relays
very sensitive
Source
impedance
Line
impedance
V
R
=
Residual
Voltage
CHECK FOR SUFFICIENT POLARISING VOLTAGE!

52
PEEBLES REYROLLE
11d) DEF - Residual Volts for Non-Effectively Earthed Systems
Resistance
Earthed
System
Volts
System
Volts
Residual
Volts
Residual
Volts
S
Z
S
R
Z
L
F
Insulated or
Peterson
Coil
Earthed
S
R
S
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
(may
approach
3VPH)
V
R
V
R
V
R
SUFFICIENT
POLARISING
VOLTAGE SHOULD
ALWAYS BE
AVAILABLE
Volts drop
due to earth
resistance
Neutral point
raised above
earth potential
Neutral
fully
displaced

53
PEEBLES REYROLLE
11.2) DEF - Relay Connection with Selectable MTA
MTA (I wrt V)
O
0
-15
0
-90
0
-65
0
-45
0
Resistive Neutral Reactive Neutral
V
RES
V
RES
I
RES
V
RES
I
RES
V
RES
/I
RES
= 0
0
V
RES
/I
RES
= 90
0
V
RES
I
RES
I
RES
I
RES
I
RES
I
RES
V
RES V
RES
V
RES
Resistance
Earthed
Systems Distribution System
- Solidly Earthed
Transmission System
- Solidly Earthed
Reactance
Earthed
Systems
Earthing Transformer
with Resistor

54
PEEBLES REYROLLE
11.3a) Polarising with Neutral Current
Polarising
signal
VOLTAGE POLARISING MAY NOT BE PRACTICABLE
i) A solidly earthed, high fault level (low source impedance) system
may result in a small value of residual voltage at the relaying point.
ii) VTs may not be available
iii) VTs may not be suitable - no zero sequence path
If a reliable polarising signal is not available then the relay may be
polarised from a suitable current source:
e.g. from a CT located in a suitable system neutral to earth.
For relay operation:
Polarising and operating current should be in phase
Neutral current of a power or earthing transformer may be used
- but only if earth fault neutral current always flows towards the system
Neutral of Star/Delta will always flow in correct direction for polarising
Double earthed Star/Star and Auto-transformers require study.
A
B

55
PEEBLES REYROLLE
11.3b) Current Polarising from 2 Winding Transformers
POL OP
DEF Relay
INCORRECT
POL OP
DEF Relay
CORRECT
POL OP
DEF Relay
CORRECT
POL OP
DEF Relay
INCORRECT

56
PEEBLES REYROLLE
11.3c) Current Polarising from 3 Winding Transformers
POL OP
DEF Relay
CORRECT
if Z
LO
+ Z
SO
is positive
SOURCE
H L
Unloaded
Delta
Loaded
Delta
Relay
polarising
circuit
Relay
polarising
circuit

57
PEEBLES REYROLLE
11.3d) Current Polarising of DEF Protection on Auto-Transformer Circuit
Neutral connection is suitable for current polarising
if earth fault current flows 'up' the neutral for faults
on HV side
For correct application, check:
1 <
+ +
L
H
TO LO SO
TO
V
V
Z Z Z
Z
Where:
Z
TO
= Tertiary winding zero sequence impedance
Z
LO
= LV winding zero sequence impedance
Z
HO
= HV winding zero sequence impedance
(Note there is also a possibility that
neutral current may be zero)
SOURCE
POL OP
DEF Relay
Z
H
Z
L
Z
T
Current polarising from
transformer delta preferred
(if transf. has delta winding)

58
PEEBLES REYROLLE
12) Application Consideration - 2 out of 3 Tripping
Directional Relay Connected into Healthy Circuit
FWD. = direction of load
345
0
225
0
165
0
105
0
45
0
285
0
B
REV
C
FWD
A
REV
I
B
=I
C
=+1
I
A
=-2
HV Infeed
R - B
Fault
LV DOC
Relays
For HV ph-ph fault one phase of relay may incorrectly
operate in FWD dirn - depends on phase angle of fault.
Select 2-out-of-3 logic, then a minimum of two phases
must be initiated for a trip output to be issued
REV

59
PEEBLES REYROLLE
OVERCURRENT RELAYS

60
PEEBLES REYROLLE
13.1) - Electromechanical Induction Disc Relay - Reyrolle Type 2TJM
TORQUE
Upper electromagnet
Lower
electromagnet
Primary
winding
Plug bridge
Secondary
winding
Disc
Electromagnetic system operates on a movable conductor
aluminium disc, on which a contact assembly is mounted
Torque is produced by interaction of two alternating
magnetic fields mutually displaced in space and time
T = K.M
1
.M
2
.sin2
Where:
T = Torque
M
1 = Flux 1 i.e. flux produced by upper electromagnet
M
2 = Flux 2 i.e. flux produced by lower electromagnet
Single function device
1 Current input
2 o/p contacts
Flag indicator

61
PEEBLES REYROLLE
13.2) Schematic Diagram of Numeric Relay - Reyrolle Type Argus
I>I
S
Low
Set
HS1 HS2
A
D
rms
dc
DTL DTL DTL
Programmable
interconnection
logic
Status
input
OUTPUTS
Data
Comms
HMI
1 Phase of relay shown
Multifunction device
Up to 4 Current inputs
Up to 11 o/p contacts
LED indicators
Start
Trip
8 settings groups
Up to 9 status inputs
LCD
Data storage
Data comms PC software

Overcurrent Protection

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Overcurrent Protection

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