Dilatometry

Measuring length-changes of your

sample
thermal expansion, magnetostriction,
Vivien Zapf
NHMFL-LANL
Heron of Alexanria !" # $%&%'
(oay) Applications too numerous to list
*
+e still use thermal expansion for everything from car
engines to nuclear po,er plant cooling regulation
*
Affects esign of sie,al-s, .riges, cryostats,
Thermal expansion within a solid phase is much smaller
but can be an invaluable tool for probing fundamental physics
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$ !('

L
/
L

(
%
)
Magnetostriction
H
c1
H
c2
L
c
L
a
c
a
H
Ni&l
1
-25&!NH
1
'
1
) an antiferromagnetic 6uantum magnet
7ilatometry
*
() thermal expansion) 8/9L!L9(': ; 8 ln!V'9(
*
H) magnetostriction) < 8 =L!H'9L
*
>) compressi.ility) 8 ln!V'9>
*
?) electrostriction) @ 8 =L!?'9L
*
etc.
Ho, to measure 7ilatometry
*
Mechanical !pushro etc.)
*
Aptical !interferometer etc%'%
*
?lectrical !Bnuctive, &apacitive, 5train Cauges'%
*
7iffraction !D-ray, neutron'%
*
Athers !a.solute E ifferential'
&
7
&apacitive 7ilatometer
!&artoon'
7
L
&apacitor
>lates
&ell
$oy
5ample
D
A
C
o

?xtra creit 6uestion)

+hy onFt ,e put the sample .et,een the capacitor platesG
Hev% 5ci% Bnstrum% 77, /1IJ#K !1##3'
George Schmiedeshoff,
Acciental &ollege
5ample
5ample
scre,
Movea.le
capacitor plate
5tationary
capacitor plate
5pring
!&u$e plate'
Use of needle instead of plate on top of sample means
sample faces dont need to be perfectly parallel
+hy a capacitive ilatometerG
*
Fantastically sensitive
L 5u.-Angstrom resolution of length changes on a mm-siMe
sample
*
Versatile) ,ie range of signal siMes, sample siMes an
shapes
*
Hecall Al.ertFs tal- on noise) no intrinsic noise in a
capacitance measurement
*
Nseful for the ranges of ( an H at the magnet la.
!1# mO to "I# O, # to 20 ('
7ilatometer ,or-s at various orientations to the magnetic fiel%
Hotators availa.le at LANL an (allahassee
H
Capacitance bridge
(e.g. H 2!"" bridge
or GC 1#1$)
(,o shiele, groune coax ca.les
Capacitance meas%rement
Hev% 5ci% Bnstrum% 77, /1IJ#K !1##3'
&ali.ration
* Nse sample platform to push
against lo,er capacitor plate%
* Hotate sample platform !P',
measure &%
* A
eff
from slope !ege effects'%
* A
eff
8 A
o
to a.out /QGR
* SBealT capacitive geometry%
* &onsistent ,ith estimates%
* &
MAD
UU &) no tilt correction%
&
MAD
30 pF
Aperating
Hegion
&ell ?ffect
Cu Cu Cell Cell Sample Sample
dT
dL
L dT
dL
L
+
+ +
1 1
High magnetic fiels) Nse e%g% titanium instea of &u .oy to
create less ey currents in magnetic fiels
High temperatures) Nse 6uartM9sapphire !see ,or- of Vohn
Neumeier'
Slide courtesy G. Schmiedeshoff
&ther bac'gro%nds(
7ielectric constant of li6ui helium .et,een capacitor plates
Magnetic impurities in commercial titanium
(hese effects are small compare to some
samples !.ut not allR'
C% M% 5chmieeshoff, S(hermal expansion an magnetostriction of a nearly saturate IHe-
2He mixtureT, accepte >hil Mag% 1##J%
(ilt &orrection
*
Bf the capacitor plates are truly parallel then & W as 7 W #%
* More realistically, if there is an angular misalignment, one can sho, that
* & W &
MAD
as 7 W 7
5HAH(
!plates touch' an that
>ott E 5chefMy- !/J44'%
* For our esign, &
MAD
8 /## pF correspons to an angular misalignment of a.out #%/
o
%
* (ilt is not al,ays .a) enhance sensitivity is exploite in the esign of Hotter et al. !/JJ4'%
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
2
MAX
o
C
C
1
C
A
D
Slide courtesy G. Schmiedeshoff
Oapton $a !than-s to A% eVisser an &y Apeil'
* Heplace Oapton
,ashers ,ith alumina%
* Ne, cell effect scale%
* Bnvestigating sapphire
,ashers%
Slide courtesy G. Schmiedeshoff
(or6ue $a
* (he ilatometer is sensitive to magnetic tor6ue on the sample
!inuce moments, permanent moments, shape effects'%
* Manifests as irreprouci.le9hysteretic ata
* 5olution
/% Clue sample to platform !(X1# O'
1% Crease the sample scre, -U grease freeMes at lo,
temperatures
I% &hoose a goo sample shape
Coo
Ngly
$a
(hermal graients .a
You are measuring the ifference .et,een thermal expansion
of cell an sample% (emperature of cell is importantR
7ilatometer cell originally esigne to .e immerse in li6%ui
helium
5ample is mounte on a scre, that is not
,ell-thermaliMe to the .oy of the cell
+or-arouns)
&ontrol temperature of .oth top an .ottom of ilatometer
&onnect thermaliMation ,ires from top to .ottom
Bmmerse in li6ui helium
(his part relatively thermally isolate%
At LANL, ,e mae a moifie scre, that contains
heater, thermometer, an attachment points for
thermaliMation ,ires
$u..les are .a
Li6ui helium .u..les as it .oils, especially ,hile you
are pumping on it%
$u..les cause .ig Zumps in the capacitance%
Dilution fridge, immersed in liquid) no .u..les !.ut
.e,are of fiel-epenence of helium ielectric
constant, an of the HeI-He2 .ounary line crossing
the capacitor'
Dilution fridge, vacuum: No .u..les, .ut nee to
thermaliMe the cell, sample%
Liquid helium 3) Lots of .u..les% 7onFt o this%
Liquid helium 4) A- .elo, 1%1 O !superflui helium has
no .u..les'
Helium gas) +or-s if you thermaliMe the cell%
Mounting mechanism
All titanium
&u .rac-et
Sample
Thermometer 2
(20mK 4 K)
Zero field region
Thermometre 1
(20 mK 4 K)
Heater
Mixing
Chamber
2" ) * +i,%tion fridge +i,atometer in -ac%%m
.HM/L * L.L
ield !enter
Thermal lin"# to
the mixing !hamber
)i
di,atometr0
ce,,
Ho, to get goo ilatometry ata
Avoi torque) &hoose non-tor6uey sample shape, glue sample to
ilatometer, grease the scre,
Thermalize the ilatometer, put a thermometer near the sample
Calibrate E Measure the cell .ac-groun
5tic- to low temeratures !unless you have a 6uartM ilatometer'
Avoi !aton
Avoi helium bubbles
&orrect for ielectric constant of meium .et,een capacitor plates !a.out
0Q'
Mount ilatometer so as to avoi thermal contraction9expansion stresses .y
mounting mechanism on ilatometer%
Arigins of thermal expansion
*
Mie !/J#I') First microscopic moel%
*
Gr1neisen !/J#4') ;!('9&!(' " constant
A funamental thermoynamic property
that is often proportional to the specific heat
+hat creates length-changes in samplesG
First theories) effects of thermal vi.rations
Cr[neisen (heory


1
L
dL
dT

(T)
(T)V
0
C
v
(T) T
3
(T)
dlnL
dP
+rite o,n Free energy of the vi.rations of a
soli !a set of harmonic oscillators'
Nse this free energy to compute the specific
heat% Ar the thermal expansion
7e.ye theory) assume a max% cutoff
fre6uency of the vi.rations
compressi.ility
(hermal expansion
Cr[neisen parameter
Thermal pressure due to
vibrations
Cr[neisen (heory
Applies to other thermal vi.rations

eff
V
0
(T)
(T)
C(T)

eff
(T)


C
i
(T)
i

C
i
(T)
i

(T)
Examples: Simple metals:

2
3
+
dln(m*)
dln(V)
e.g.: phonon, electron,
magnon, &?F, Oono,
HOOY, etc.
?lectronic Cr[neisen parameter pro.es effective mass

2
?xample !Metals')
After +hite E &ollins, VL(> !/JK1'%
Also) $arron, &ollins E +hite, Av% >hys% !/J4#'%
!
lattice
sho,n%'
Col
5ilver
&opper
Cruneisen parameter
?xample !Heavy Fermions')
After eVisser et al% !/JJ#'

HF
!#'
>hase (ransition) (
N
1
n
Arer >hase (ransition,
?hrenfest Helation!s')
p
N2 M
c
N2
C
T V
p
T

c
d
d
S
) (
V
S
V
p
T
M
N1

L
L
c
d
d
/
st
Arer >hase (ransition,
&lausius-&lapyeron ?6!s'%)
2robing 2hase )ransitions
Limitations of Cr[neisen (heory
an other thermoynamic approaches to thermal expansion
*
Bsotropic thermal expansion only
*
Anly treats vi.rational effects
*
Limite treatment of elastic effects
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# 1 2 3 4 /# /1 /2
$ !('

L
/
L

(
%
)
Magnetostriction
H
c1
H
c2
L
c
L
a
c
a
H
An anisotropic, elastic example)
/1 /2
.iC,
2
34SC(.H
2
)
2
&rgano3meta,,ic 5%ant%m Magnet(
Meta,
Ni
1\
58/
5uperexchange
coupling)
AFM
&rganic)
thiourea provies structure
.i S 6 1
c
a
a
7
chain
/'
8
6 2.2 9
7
p,ane
/'
8
6 ".1: 9
C,
#
#%1
#%2
#%3
#%4
/
/%1
# 1 2 3 4 /# /1 /2
Magnetocaloric effect
5pecific heat
H !('
;< /M/8=C
8ose3=instein Condensation of .i s0stem
8oson n%mber contro,,ed b0 magnetic fie,d

T
T !
c c
"

1
I7 $?&) 8 I91
I7 Bsing) 8 1
17 $?&) 8 /
)he 5%ant%m 2art
#
#%1
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/
/%1
/%2
#
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/
/%1
# 0 /# /0
?xperiment
]uantum Monte &arlo
H !('
+e have a pretty goo unerstaning
of this material)
$ut a complete unerstaning re6uires incluing
the spin-lattice coupling
Capacitance
)itani%m +i,atometer
(design b0 G. Schmiedeshoff)
C%8e
spring
>. S. ?apf et a,@ 2h0s. Ae-. 8 77@ "2"4"4(A)
(2"":)
H
c
a
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#%#10
# 1 2 3 4 /# /1 /2
$ !('

L
/
L

(
%
)
H
c1
H
c2
) 6 2$ m9
H BB c
L
c
L
a
Moeling the Magnetostriction
!to First Arer'
"ssume: Lattice has linear spring response ,ith YoungFs moulus #
"ssume: #ero temperature $measurements at T % &' m()
$eglect: &rystal fiel effects changing ,ith pressure
$eglect: Magnetic effects along a-axis

M
(H)
L/L
Magnetic stress
5train along c-axis
.i
.i
7()
c
7S
1
CS
2
Arigin of Magnetic stress
YoungFs Moulus)
# 6 /


H
m
D S
i
z
( )
2
i

g
B
B S
i
z
i

+ J

r
S
i

<i, j>

r
S
j
Magnetic Hamiltonian)

e
l
+ e
m
( )

0

1
EV
J
c

S
i
S
i+1
m l
e e e +
2
2
1
E e
l

1
1 1
+

i i c m m
S S J
V
H
NV
e
Lattice energy9volume Magnetic energy9volume
MinimiMe the energy)
?nergy ensity) lattice an magnetic
- epenence

,
_

2
2
1
kx
MinimiMe the energy

M
(H)
L/L
YoungFs Moulus)
# 6 /
1
1
+

i i
c
S S
J
EV

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#
#%##0
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# 1 2 3 4 /# /1 /2
H !('
c-axis Magnetostriction
?xperiment
(heory

L
/
L

!
Q
'
H ^^ c
1 +

i i
S S k
(810mO
5%ant%m Monte Car,o sim%,ations
( )
0
1 1
) 0 (
) 0 ( ) (

+ +

H
i i
H
i i
S S S S k
L
L H L

c
J
EV
k
1
-#%#/
-#%##0
#
#%##0
#%#/
#%#/0
#%#1
#%#10
# 1 2 3 4 /# /1 /2
H !('
c-axis Magnetostriction
?xperiment
(heory

L
/
L

!
Q
'
H ^^ c
1 +

i i
S S k
(810mO
Significance
+e can measure the spin-spin correlation functionR
&an extract the spatial epenence of ) resulting from
the Ni-&l-&l-Ni superexchange .on
-#%#/#
-#%##0
#%###
#%##0
#%#/#
#%#/0
#%#1#
#%#10
# 1 2 3 4 /# /1 /2
$ !('

L
/
L

(
%
)
Magnetostriction
H
c1
H
c2
L
c
L
a
c
a
H
Ni&l
1
-25&!NH
1
'
1
) an antiferromagnetic 6uantum magnet
Ac-no,legements !7(N'
Aesonant D,traso%nd
&ristian >antea, Von $etts, Al.ert Migliori,
*!+,-,.*,
>aul ?gan, /0lahoma State
=SA
5ergei Zvyagin, Vochen +osnitMa,
1resden igh !agnetic +ield ,ab
Vure- OrMyste-, *!+,-Tallahassee
.HM/L3L.L
7iego Zocco, Marcelo Vaime, Neil Harrison,
Alex Lacera
.HM/L3)a,,ahassee
(im Murphy, ?ric >alm
Cr0sta, groEth and magnetiFation
Armano >auan-Filho
Universidade de Sao 2aulo3 4ra"il
Gne,astic .e%tron diffraction
M% OenMelmann, $% H% Hansen, &% Nieermayer,
2aul Scherrer 5nstitute and 6T3 #7rich3 Swit"erland
Magnetostriction
Victor &orrea, 5tan (oMer,
*!+,-Tallahassee
5%ant%m Monte Car,o
Mitsua-i (su-amoto, Nao-i Oa,ashima
University of To0yo
)heor0
>ina-i 5engupta, &ristian $atista, ,.*,
NSF NHMFL
DOE