By: Cathy Yang

Chemists had been searching or a

precise classification scheme of the
known elements at that time.
The history of the periodic
table reflects over a century of
growth in the understanding of
chemical properties. The most
important event in its history
occurred in 1869, when the table was
published by Dmitri Ivanovich
Mendeleev, who built upon earlier
discoveries by scientists such
as Antoine-Laurent de
Lavoisier and John Newlands.
The modern Periodic Table is largely
based upon Mendeleevs model.
The Periodic Table is an arrangement of elements based on their atomic number,
electron configurations, and recurring chemical similarities.
Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number.
Different tables give different
information, but they will
usually include:
The atomic number, referring
to how many protons an
atom of the element has.
Oxygens atomic number is 8,
so it has 8 protons.
The chemical symbol of the
element and its name. For
example, the chemical
symbol of Oxygen is O.
The atomic mass, the
weight of the atom
calculated by adding the
number of protons with the
number of neutrons.
The standard periodic table has 18 columns and 7 rows with two rows
of elements below that.
Groups, or families are
organized in columns with
elements with similar
chemical properties going
in a vertical line numbered
1 to 18.
Four significant groups
Group 1: the Alkali metals
Group 2: the Alkaline
Earth Metals
Group 17: the Halogens
Group 18: the Noble gases

Periods are organized in
rows with increasing
atomic numbers going left
to right and top to bottom,
and are numbered 1 to 7.
The elements in a period
do not share similar
chemical properties.
The first element in a
period is always an
extremely active solid and
the last element in a period
is always an inactive gas.

The Periodic Table can also be organized by categories.
The elements can be conveniently classified according
to their shared physical and chemical properties into
the major categories of metals, metalloids, and non-
metals.

Hydrogen is located above the
Alkali family, but is not a
member of it. Hydrogen can be
classified as its own family.
It is in gas form at room
temperature.
It has one proton, one electron,
and only one energy level.
Hydrogen requires two
electrons to fill its valence
shell.
Hydrogen is the most
abundant element in the
Universe, making up of all
matter.
Found in the first column
of the Periodic Table.
The atoms of Alkali metals
have one valence electron.
Theyre shiny, extremely
reactive, and are malleable.
They react violently with
water.
Theyre never found
independently in nature
since theyre combined
with another element.
Theyre never found uncombined with another
element in nature.
They have two valence electrons.
Theyre reactive, but not as reactive as the Alkali
metals.

Contains the metals that
are the most familiar to
people, such as: copper,
tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold,
and silver.
Theyre good conductors of
heat and electricity.
Their compounds are
usually brightly colored
and often used to color
paints.
Transition elements usually
have 1 or 2 valence
electrons.
Transition elements have similar chemical properties
with other metals, but their properties do not fit in
with any other family.
Many transition metals chemically combine with
oxygen to form oxides.

Halogens have seven
valence electrons, making
them the most active non-
metals.
Theyre never found by
themselves in nature.
Atoms only need to gain
one electron to completely
fill their valence shells.
They react with Alkali
metals to form salts.
Noble Gases are colorless
gases that are completely
unreactive.
Theyre inactive because their
outermost valence shell is
full, already having eight
valence electrons.
They do not easily combine
with other elements to form
compounds, so the Noble
Gases are called inert.
Noble Gases are found in
small amounts in the Earths
atmosphere.

The seventeen Rare Earth
Elements are composed of the
Lanthanide series plus
Scandium and Yttrium.
Despite their name as Rare
Earth Elements, they are
relatively abundant in the
Earths crust.
One element from the
Lanthanide series and most
elements from the Actinide
series are called trans-
uranium, which means
synthetic or man-made.
Named after the first
element in the family,
Boron.
Elements have three
valence electrons.
Includes a metalloid,
Boron, but the rest are
metals.
Includes the most
abundant metal in the
Earths crust, Aluminum.
Atoms have four valence
electrons.
Includes a non-metal,
Carbon, metalloids, and
metals.
Carbon element is called
the basis of life.
Organic chemistry is a
branch of chemistry
devoted to Carbon
compounds.
Named after the element
that makes up about 78%
of the atmosphere,
Nitrogen.
Includes non-metals,
metalloids, and metals.
Atoms have five valence
electrons and tend to
share electrons when
they bond.

Named after Oxygen.
Oxygen is the most
abundant element in the
Earths crust, making up
about 46.6% of the Earths
mass.
It is extremely active and
combines with almost all
the elements.
Atoms have six valence
electrons.
Most elements share
electrons when forming
compounds.
The table can also be deconstructed
into four rectangular blocks.
Named according to the subshell in
which the last electron resides.
s-block consists of the Alkali
metals and the Alkaline metals as
well as hydrogen and helium.
p-block consists of groups 13 to 18,
contains all of the metalloids.
d-block consists of 3 to 12,
contains all of the transition
metals.
f-block, which is usually the two
rows below the rest of the table,
consists of the Lanthanides and
Actinides.

The Periodic Table can be used to find:
The number of protons
Number of neutrons
Number of electrons
The valence electrons
The electron configuration
The number of shells
The atomic number
Mass number
Atomic mass number
Whether the element is a metal, non-metal, or metalloid
Whether the element is a solid, liquid, or gas
How reactive the element is
The physical and chemical properties of the element
The chemical bonding possibilities of the element, etc

http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm
http://www.can-do.com/uci/lessons98/Periodic.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RRVV4Diomg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_families.html
http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/groups.html
http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howthingswork/f/blabundant.ht
m
http://www.powayusd.com/teachers/mnelson/PowerPoints%20f
or%20Posting/periodic%20table.ppt_files/frame.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_element
http://www.chemicalelements.com/groups/rareearth.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_element