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EXCHANGERS
Prepared by
Nurhaslina che radzi
FKK, UITM
HEAT EXCHANGERS
A heat exchanger is used to exchange heat between two fluids of
different temperatures, which are separated by a solid wall.
Applications in heating and air conditioning, power production,
waste heat recovery, chemical processing, food processing,
sterilization in bio-processes.
Heat exchangers are classified according to flow arrangement and
type of construction.
In this chapter we will learn how our previous knowledge can be
applied to do heat exchanger calculations, discuss methodologies for
design and introduce performance parameters.
Parallel Flow
Counterflo
l Flow
Counterflow
Finned-Both Fluids
Unmixed
Widely used to achieve large heat rates per unit volume, particularly when one
or both fluids is a gas.
Characterized by large heat transfer surface areas per unit volume (>700
m2/m3), small flow passages, and laminar flow.
UA hi Ai
2kL
ho Ao
1
1
1
UA U i Ai U o Ao
Ai Di L
i = inner
Ao Do L
0 = outer
Fouling
Heat exchanger surfaces are subject to fouling by fluid impurities,
rust formation, or other reactions between the fluid and the wall
material.
The deposition of a film or scale on the surface can greatly increase
the resistance to heat transfer between the fluids.
An additional thermal resistance : The Fouling factor, Rf.
Depends on operating temperature, fluid velocity and length of
service of the heat exchanger.
Typical values in Table 11.1.
For unfinned tubular heat exchangers :
UA hi Ai
Ai
2kL
Ao
ho Ao
Rf,i = fouling factor of inner surface
Rf,o = fouling factor of outer surface
1
1
1
UA
U c Ac
U h Ah
R "f ,c
R "f , h
1
1
Rconduction
(o hA) c
(o A) c
(o A) h
(o hA) h
o = overall surface efficiency / temp. effectiveness
c p ( Tm ,o Tm ,i )
qconv = m
For case involving constant surrounding
fluid temperature:
To Ti
lm
q U As Tlm
ln(To / Ti )
In a two-fluid heat exchanger, consider
the hot and cold fluids separately:
qh m h c p,h (Th ,i Th ,o )
qc m c c p ,c (Tc,o Tc,i )
q UA Tlm
Need to define U and Tlm
T2
T1
Thi
Parallel Flow
Thi
Tho
T1
T2
Tlm
T1 Th,i Tc,i
T2 Th,o Tc,o
Tho
Tco
q UA Tlm
T2 T1
ln(T2 / T1 )
Counterflow
T1
Tco
Tci
T2
T1
T2
q UA Tlm
Tlm
T2 T1
ln(T2 / T1 )
Tci
T1 Th,i Tc ,o
T2 Th,o Tc ,i
= Ch (Thi Tho)
Cmin (Thi Tci)
= Cc (Tco Tci)
Cmin (Thi Tci)
must be in the range 0 1
if Cc < Ch
if Ch < Cc
PROBLEM 11.14
A shell and tube exchanger (two shells, four tube passes) is used to
heat 10,000 kg/h of water (cp = 4195 J/kg.K) from 35c to 120c
with 5000 kg/h pressurized water (cp = 4660 J/kg.K) entering the
exchanger at 300c. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1500
w/m2.K, determine the required heat exchanger area. (Assume
counter flow).
a) LMTD method (A = 4.61 m2)
b) -NTU method (A = 4.75 m2)
Tlm FTlm,CF
T1 Th,i Tc ,o
T2 Th,o Tc ,i
F > 0.8
If F < 0.8, shell and tube heat exchanger
with two shell and any multiple of tube
passes (four, eight, etc.) can be used
instead.
Condenser:
Hot fluid is
condensing
vapor (eg. steam)
Evaporator/boiler:
Cold fluid is
evaporating liquid