ME - Microstrip Antennas

Reduced Size Microstrip Patch
Antenna Design
AN OVERVIEW
Presented by:
Dr. Michael Elsdon

michael.elsdon@unn.ac.uk
Northumbria Communications Research Lab

School of Computing, Engineering and Information Sciences,
Northumbria University
12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 1

Presentation Overview
 Basic Patch Antenna Operation
 Rationale/Background to Research
 Reduced Size Solutions
 Mathematical Analysis of Slot Loaded

Structures
 New Patch Designs
 Summary

Definition of an Antenna
“A usually metallic device for radiating or receiving radio
waves”
“A transitional structure between free space and a guiding
device”
* Websters Dictionary
Antenna Radiating:
GUIDING DEVICE FREE SPACE
I
E (if Vertically
Polarised)
Zo Antenna
))))))
+ Zo
Structure
VG ~- H Propagating
Wave
I
RF Signal Transmission
Source Line

Definition of an Antenna
“A usually metallic device for radiating or receiving radio waves”
“A transitional structure between free space and a guiding device”
*Websters Dictionary
Antenna Receiving:
GUIDING DEVICE FREE SPACE
I E (if Vertically
Polarised)
Zo Zo
Antenna
Structure (((((( Propagating H
Wave
I
RF Transmission
Receiver Line

Standard Patch Antenna
Top View
Side View
L
z
εr s u b s t r a t he
x
G r o u n d P l a n e
 Consists of a metallic strip placed above a

ground plane
))))
Fringing Electric Fields
from the Two Edges of the
Patch Add to Cause E I E
Radiation
12/27/09 Michael Elsdon

~λ /2 5
Most Important Design Consideration
Resonant Frequency ?
12
c
10
f ≈
Resonant Frequency, GHz
2L ε r
8
Er fixed by substrate
6
0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Patch Length, mm

Examples of Patch Antenna Structures
H-Plane Pattern E-Plane Pattern

Top View Edge View Advantages Disadvantages
Perpendicular to PatchPerpendicular to Patch
• Ultra Narrow
~λ / 2
Printed Patch • Very Low Profile Bandwidth ~ 1% for
Printed • Simplicity VSWR = 1.2 : 1
• Substrate Cost
• Good Production
Patch Patch ~λ / 2 Repeatability • Limited Beamwidths
Possible
Ground Plane
Substrate
Suspended
~λ / 2 Patch • Low Profile
• Improved Bandwidth •Substrate Cost
Suspended Suspended ~ 10% - 15% for • Limited Beamwidths
~λ / 2 Possible
Patch Patch VSWR=1.2 :1
• Excellent Production
Substrate Repeatability
Ground Plane
Suspended
~λ / 2 Patches
• Broadband: >15% • Substrate Cost
• Fairly Low Profile • Limited (Narrow)
Stacked Stacked
~λ / 2 Beamwidths
Patches Patches Possible
Printed
Substrate Patch
Ground Plane
*Thanks to S. Foti

Examples of Patch Antenna Excitation
Microstrip Feed Pros and Cons
 Planar
~λ / 2 Microstrip
Microstrip Track Printed Patch  Easy to fabricate and
Track match
Patch ~λ / 2
 Simple to model
Substrate Ground Plane  Spurious feed radiation
 Cannot Optimise Feed and
Patch Substrate
requirements
Probe Feed
Pros and Cons
~λ / 2  Easy to fabricate
Printed Patch
Feed Point  Easy to impedance
Patch
match
~λ / 2
 Non-Planar
Substrate Ground Plane
 Narrow Bandwidth

Examples of Patch Antenna Excitation
Slot-Coupled Microstrip Feed
Pros and Cons
Suspended Patch
Microstrip ~λ / 2 Ground Plane
 Allows independent
Track optimisation of feed
~λ / 2 and patch substrate
Microstrip  Difficult to fabricate
Substrate Slot Track
 Non-planar
Proximity Coupled
Pros and Cons
Microstrip Suspended  Independent
Microstrip ~λ / 2 Track Patch(s)
Track Suspended optimisation of feed and
Patch ~λ / 2 patch substrate
 Difficult to fabricate
 Non-planar
*Thanks to S. Foti for
Diagrams
Choice of Antenna Structure
Printed Patch Antenna with Microstrip Feed
~λ / 2 Microstrip
Microstrip Track Printed Patch
Track
Patch ~λ / 2
Why ?
 Planar
 Easy to fabricate and match
 Simple to model
 Low Profile
 Good production repeatability

Typical Example
Typical
Resonant Patch
Source Antenna
Antenna FBW Performance
Gain Efficiency
Frequency Impedance Input (%) (dB) (%)
(GHz) Impedance
3.17 50 330 1.7 6 87.9
Impedance Matching
Network
Input
Antenn
a
Patch Antenna Summary
Advantages Disadvantages
 Low Cost using PCB  Restricted Bandwidth

 Lightweight and thin  Several losses may reduce
profile efficiency
 Easy integration with  Low Gain dictated by size /
MIC substrate
Future Challenges
 Bandwidth Extension Techniques

 Control of Radiation Patterns
 Reducing Losses / increasing efficiency
 Improving feed networks
 Size Reduction techniques
Rationale for PhD
 Patch Antenna now established and used in wide range of
communication systems, e.g. radar, satellites, GPS.
 Future requirement for SMALLER Communication

Systems
 Circuitry associated with comm. systems has reduced

considerably in size
 This is NOT TRUE of Antennas

 Cost largely based on Size – Thus any size reduction
greatly welcome

Project Aims
1. Investigate Present Techniques for Reducing Patch

Antenna Size and Identify “most appropriate” technique
2. Develop Analytical Model to determine the

performance of the chosen patch structure
3. Analyse the effect of design parameters on patch

performance and identify associated trade-offs
4. Propose new designs for reduced size patch

antennas that overcome some of the trade-offs associated
with present designs

BACKGROUND: Voltage and Current Distribution
 Fields within patch are described by 2D wave equation
 Magnetic Wall ∂EZ

=0
Boundary ∂y
∂EZ ∂ 2 Ez ∂ 2 Ez 2 ∂EZ
=0 + + k m ,n EZ = 0
=0
∂x ∂x 2
∂y 2 ∂x
x
0 L
∂EZ
=0
∂y
 mπx   nπy 
 Associated eigenfunctions are φ m ,n ( x, y ) = k m ,n cos  cos 
 a   b 
given by:
h TM01 mode
V
I
0 x
L/2 L
Current z
Maxima h
Voltage V I
TM02 mode
Minima
0 x
L/4 L/2 3L/4 L
h
V I
TM03 mode
0 x
L/6 L/3 L/2 2L/3 5L/6 L
12/27/09 Voltage Current

Michael Elsdon 16
h TM01 mode
V
I
0 x
L/2 L
h
V I
TM02 mode
0 x
L/4 L/2 3L/4 L
Current Minima
Voltage
Maxima
z
h
V I
TM03 mode
0 x
L/6 L/3 L/2 2L/3 5L/6 L
12/27/09 Voltage Current

Michael Elsdon 17
Methods of Reducing Patch Size
1. High Permittivity Substrate

2. Folded Patch
3. Shorting Pin
4. Slot Loaded Ground Plane
5. Slot Loaded Patch
6. Miscellaneous Techniques

1. Use of High Permittivity Substrate
Principle of
Operation
Resonant Frequency of Conventional Patch:
c
f ≈
2L εr
Obvious way to reduce patch size is to increase
εr
L
z
εr s u b s t r a t he
x
G r o u n d P l a n e
Side View
Top View
50
45 L
Patch Length, mm 40 z
35
30 εr s u b s t r a t he
x
25 G r o u n d P l a n e
20
15
10
5
0
fo = 3GHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Substrate Permittivity
Problems
 Such substrates are often ceramic based and thus more
expensive
 Q Factor increases with permittivity, thus reducing BW
 Higher permittivity often equivalent to high dielectric losses (1)
2. Folded Patch
P a tch
G ro u n d p la n e
A ir su b stra te
Bent edge
Principle of Operation
• Method involves use of an inverted U-shape structure
• Excited current path of the TMmn mode is lengthened
• Reduced resonant frequency for a fixed projection area
• Allows incorporation of air substrate for increased bandwidth

2. Folded Patch
P a tch
G ro u n d p la n e
A ir su b stra te
Bent edge
Problems
 Non Planar Structure
 Size Reduction at expense of increased
volume
 Complex Manufacturing Process

3. Shorted Patch
ground plane ground plane ground plane
shorting wall shorting plate shorting pin
(a) (b) (c)
• Use of an edge shorted patch (a) makes the patch operate as a λ/4
structure
• Antenna’s Physical length is reduced by ½ for a fixed operating
frequency
• Greater size reduction can be achieved using a partial shorting wall
(b) or a
y
z
shorting pin
Voltage
W h Distribution
microstrip
V
feed
x
dS I
L
0 x
L/2 L
• Null-voltage point for TM01 mode exists at centre of patch
• Size reduction achieved by shifting the null voltage point
• Shifting shorting pin towards radiating patch edge shifts null-voltage
point, thus
reducing resonant frequency
• Maximum size reduction achieved when shorting pin placed at centre
of
radiating patch edge
1.3
1.25
y
1.2
shorting pin
1.15
W
microstrip
feed
x
1.1 dS
1.05
L
1
5
5
5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
0.
4.
5.
9.
1.
2.
3.
6.
7.
8.
11
14
10
12
13
Shor ting Pin Pos itionS,dm m

E-P la ne Ra dia tion H-P la ne Ra dia tion
0 0
-10
co -p ol
-10
-20 -20
-30
Magnitude, dB
-30
Magnitude, dB
x-pol
-40 -40
-50 -50 co-pol
-60 -60
-70 x-po l -70
-80 -80
0
20
40
10
30
50
90
60
70
80
-80
-90
-70
-60
-50
-40
-20
-30
-10
0
10
20
80
90
50
30
40
60
70
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
T he ta , de gre e s The ta , de gre e s
Problems
 Strict manufacturing tolerances (feed must be close to shorting pin)
 May be difficult to excite using a planar feed
 Presence of shorting pin / plane produces a dip in the E-plane
radiation
 Large levels of cross-polarisation in the H-plane

4. Slot Loaded Ground Plane
via hole radiating patch
for feed in front radiating patch
εr
y
W
x
• Insertion of slots in the ground plane meanders the current path of
TM modes
• Results in reduced resonant frequency and hence size reduction
• Meandering effect of the ground plane effectively lowers the Q factor,
thus
suggesting
12/27/09 increased BW Michael Elsdon 27
E-Plane Pattern
0
-10 co-pol
-20
-30
Magnitude, dB
-40
-50
-60
x-pol
-70
-80
-90
-100
-180
-140
-100
-40
40
60
80
100
140
-160
-120
-80
-60
-20
0
20
120
160
180
Theta, degrees
Problems
 Significant back radiation
 Less power available to transmit

5. Slot Loaded Patch
Standard Patch Slot Loaded Patch

Antenna Antenna
• Insertion of slots in patch lengthens current path
• Reduced Resonant frequency and size reduction
• With correct selection of slot dimension, can produce reduced
size, dual
frequency
12/27/09 and wideband Michael
patch Elsdon
antennas 29
Basic Slot Loaded Patch Example
Resonant Frequency v Slot Size
L
3.1 Ls
2.9
Feedpoint
W
Ws
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Ls = Ws, mm

‘Best’ Solution – Slot Loaded Patch ?
1. High Permittivity Substrate:
 reduced BW, increased dielectric losses, increased cost

2. Folded Patch:
 increased volume, complex manufacturing process

3. Shorting Pin:
 problems with radiation pattern, feeding and manufacturing

tolerances
4. Slot Loaded Ground Plane:
 problems with back radiation, less transmission power

5. Slot Loaded Patch:
 can produce wide range of designs:

Reduced Size Single Frequency, Dual Frequency, Wideband

Still Problems with Slot Loaded
Patch Antennas !
 Lack of theoretical investigation to

support design of reduced size slot
loaded structures
 Lack of Research into the trade-offs from

such designs
 Little work exists on the use of planar fed

reduced size patch antennas
Mathematical Analysis of Slot
Loaded Structures
L L L
Ls Ws Ws L1 L2 L3
P1 P1 P1
Ws
W
Ls
Ls
W2
 Several possible modelling approaches for analysing patch
performance
Transmission Line, Cavity, Co-planar multi-port network, full-
wave modelling
 Need to ascertain the most suitable approach for slot loaded
structures
Possible Modelling Approaches:
 Full-wave Modelling:
Involves the solution of Maxwell’s equations for the electric current
distributions on the patch
Requires considerable computer resources and yields little physical insight
 Transmission Line Model:

Based upon the assumption that the patch is a wide microstrip transmission
line
Presence of slot loading changes the structure of the patch suggesting this
assumption is no longer valid
 Cavity Model:
Treats patch as a thin cavity TMz mode cavity with magnetic walls
Only applicable for geometries for which the wave equation can be solved by
separation of variables (e.g. square, rectangular, circular)
 Coplanar Multiport Network Model with Segmentation:

Generalisation of Cavity Model
Suitable for Irregular Geometries

Example:
Segmentation Analysis of Slot Loaded Patch
Modelling Steps
1. Decompose patch into regular elemental segments
2. Develop Multi-port Network Models of each segment
3. Synthesise each segment to reconstruct original
patch structure

Step 1: Patch Decomposed into 4 Segments
L
l2 l2
Patch
w2
l1
Feedpoint
w1
Hole
w2
l2 l2
β1
α1 α2
segment
segment segment
W
W
β2
segment

Step 2: Alpha and Beta Sections Recombined
to form gamma segment
l3 = L - l 2
β1
c ports p ports
γ
w2
α1 s egm ent
c ports 1 p
w2
+ =
segment
segment ports
l1
W
p port
p ports
p
ports
l2
l2
−1
Γ Z  Γ Z 
Z p = Z pp − Z pc  1 cc   1 cp 
 Γ2   0 
 Z p1 p1 Z p 2 p1  Z1 p1c1
... Z pnp Z p 2c1 ... Z pnc1   Z c1c1 Z c 2 c1 ... Z cnc1   Z c1 p1 Z c 2 p1 ... Z cnp1 
Z   ... Z cnc 2 
Z ... Z cnp2 
Z Z p2 p2 ... Z pnp Z p 2c 2 ... Z Zpnc2 = Z c1c 2 Z c 2 c 2  c1 p 2 Z c 2 p 2
= Z pc =   Z =
p1 p 2 2 p1c 2
Z pp
... ... ...   ... ... cp  ... ... ... 
cc
 ... ... ... ... ...  ... ... ...
      
 Z p1 pn Z p 2 pn ... Z pnpn
 Z p1cn Z p 2cn ... Z pncn   Z c1cn Z c 2 cn ... Z cncn 
 Z c1 pn Z c 2 pn ... Z cnpn 
Interaction between ports
 Z p1c1 Z p 2c1 ... Z pnc1 

Z Z p 2c 2 ... Z pnc2  c p o rt s
β1
p p o rt s
w2
Z pc =  p1c 2 s egm ent
 ... ... ... ...  l1

 
 Z p1cn Z p 2cn ... Z pncn
yp + wp / 2 yc + wc / 2
jω µ0 h ∞ ∞ cos(k xm x p ) cos(k yn y p ) cos(k xm xc ) cos(k yn yc ) dW p dWc
Z pc =
abW pWc ∫ ∫ ∑∑ σ mσn
m=0 n =0
2 2
k xm + k yn − k 2
yp − wp / 2 yc − wc / 2

Step 2: Alpha and Beta Sections Recombined
to form gamma segment
l3 = L - l 2
β1
c ports p ports
γ
w2
α1 s egm ent
c ports 1 p
w2
+ =
segment
segment ports
l1
W
p port
p ports
p
ports
l2
l2
−1
Γ Z  Γ Z 
Z p = Z pp − Z pc  1 cc   1 cp 
 Γ2   0 
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
− 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
 0 −1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0=
Γ1 =  Γ2 =  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 0 0 −1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
     
 0 0 0 −1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Step 3: Gamma Segments Recombined
to form original patch structure
L
l3 = L - l 2 l2
l2 l2
γ1 c ports
w2
c ports
segment
w2
l1
p port
+ =
p port
w1
W
c ports
γ2
w2
segment
γ segment
w2
l3 = L - 2l
l2
c ports
−1
Γ1Z cc  Γ1Z cp 
Z p = Z pp − Z pc    
 Γ2   0 

Simulated and Practical Results
Real Input Impedance v Frequency
700
Zin VSWR
600
Z in − Z 0
Real Input Impedance,
500
BW = BW =
1.32% 1.25% S11 = 20 log10
400
Z in + Z 0
300
S 11( dB )
200
10 20
+1
VSWR =
10 S 11( dB ) − 1
100
0
2.8 2.82 2.84 2.86 2.88 2.9 2.92 2.94 2.96 2.98 3 *Z0=50
Frequency, GHz
Imaginary Input Impedance v Frequency

400
Imaginary Input Impedance,

300
200 Res. Freq

100 Imag(Zin)=0
0
2.8 2.82 2.84 2.86 2.88 2.9 2.92 2.94 2.96 2.98 3
-100
Simulated -200
-300
-400
Measured Frequency, G Hz

Simulated and Practical Results
Modelling Resonant Frequency Input Impedance VSWR BW

Technique (GHz) (Ω) %
(2:1)
Segmentation 2.836 650 1.25
Practical 2.856 625 1.32
Reasons for Differences

• Manufacturing Tolerances
• Approximation of fringing field extension
• Dielectric properties of PCB not accurately defined

Effect of Slot Dimensions on
Antenna Design
Important Performance Characteristics:
(from circuit viewpoint)
• Operating Frequency
• Input Impedance FOCUS OF THIS INVESTIGATION
• Bandwidth
Important Performance Characteristics:

(from far-field viewpoint)
• Radiation Pattern
• Polarisation
• Gain
• Beamwidth
Definition of Slot Parameters
Slot Length (Ls), Slot Width (Ws), Slot Position (Xs), Slot
Position (Ys)
L
Ls
ws/2
ys
Lm
Wm
sy
W
ws/2
xs

Effect of Increasing Slot Length
800
700 683Ω
600
602Ω
Real Input Impedance
500 Ls = 4mm
510Ω Ls = 8mm
400 Ls = 12mm
300
200
100
0
2.772 2.82 2.868 2.916 2.964
Frequency, GHz
KEY FEATURES
• SMALL frequency reduction of 0.1GHz
• Increased Input Impedance
Return Loss v Frequency
-5
-10
Return Loss, dB
-15
Ls = 4mm
-20 Ls = 8mm
Ls = 12mm
-25
-30
-35
-40 BW = 0.712%
2.78 2.828 2.876 BW = 0.962%
2.924
Frequency,
BW = 0.845%GHz
KEY FEATURE
• SMALL bandwidth
reduction
Effect of Increasing Slot Width
600
500 527Ω
400 406Ω
Ws = 4mm
300
345Ω Ws = 8mm
Ws = 12mm
200
100
0
2.76 2.832 2.904 2.976 3.048 3.12 3.192
Frequency, GHz
KEY FEATURES
• SIGNIFICANT Frequency reduction of
0.3GHz
12/27/09 • SIGNIFICANTLY increased
Michael Elsdon input 47
0
-5
-10
Return Loss, dB
-15
-20 Ws = 4mm
Ws = 8mm
-25
Ws = 12mm
-30
-35
-40
-45 BW = 1.5%
2.76 2.832BW =2.904
0.968% 2.976 3.048 3.12 3.192
BW = 1.318%
Frequency, GHz
KEY FEATURE
• SIGNIFICANT bandwidth reduction

Effect of Increasing Slot Position (Xs)
600
500 521Ω 505Ω

470Ω
400
427Ω X s = 3mm
300 X s = 7mm
X s = 11mm
200 X s = 15mm
100
0
2.9 2.948 2.996 3.044 3.092 3.14 3.188 3.236
Frequency, GHz
KEY FEATURES
• SIGNIFICANT frequency reduction of
0.24GHz
12/27/09
• MARGINAL effect on input
Michael Elsdon Impedance 49
0
-5
-10
Return Loss, dB
-15
X s = 3mm
-20
X s = 7mm
-25 X s = 11mm
-30 X s = 15mm
-35
-40 BW = 1.083% BW = 1.65%
-45
2.92 2.968 3.016 3.064 3.112 3.16
BW =Frequency,
1.202% GHzBW = 1.299%
KEY FEATURE
• SIGNIFICANT bandwidth reduction
Effect of Increasing Slot Position (Ys)
600
500 500Ω 470Ω

400
390Ω s y = 0mm
300 sy = 5mm
200
sy = 10mm
100
0
2.8 2.848 2.896 2.944 2.992 3.04 3.088 3.136 3.184
Frequency, GHz
KEY FEATURES
• SMALL frequency reduction of 0.1GHz
• SIGNIFICANTLY increased input
12/27/09 Impedance Michael Elsdon 51
-5
-10
Return Loss, dB
-15 s y = 0mm
-20 sy = 5mm
-25
sy = 10mm
-30
-35
-40
2.8 BW
2.848 = 0.978%
2.896 BW =2.992
2.944 1.083% 3.04 3.088
Frequency, GHz
BW = 1.311%
KEY FEATURE
• SMALL bandwidth reduction

SUMMARY
Effect of Slot Parameters on Performance of TM01
Variable Mode Zin
Frequency Bandwidth
Ws ↑ f01 ↓ Zin01 ↑ BW01 ↓

Ls↑ (Ls < L/2) f01 ↔ Zin01 ↑ BW01 ↓
(L/2 < Ls < 3L/4) f01 ↔ Zin01 ↑ BW01 ↑
(Ls > 3L/4) f01 ↔ Zin01 ↓ BW01 ↑
xs↑ (xs < L/4) f01 ↓ Zin01 ↑ BW01 ↓
(L/4 < xs < L/2) f01 ↓ Zin01 ↓ BW01 ↓
(L/2 < xs < 3L/4) f01 ↑ Zin01 ↓ BW01 ↑
(xs > 3L/4) f01 ↑ Zin01 ↓ BW01 ↑
ys↑ (ys < L/2) f01 ↔ Zin01 ↑ BW01 ↔
(ys < L/2) f01 ↔ Zin01 ↓ BW01 ↔

Major Outcomes
Operation
 Placement of Slot effects different TMmn modes
 Slot width largely effects characteristics of TM0n modes
 Slot length has most effect on TMm0 modes
Most Significant Trade-Offs

 Increased Input Impedance – difficulty in feeding
 Reduced Bandwidth

Design of Reduced Size Patch
Antennas
Design Goals
 Maximum Frequency reduction for a given
patch size
 Maintain Input Impedance of practical value
 Maximise Impedance Bandwidth
Challenges
 Significant trade-offs between these performance

parameters
 Not possible to simultaneously optimise each one
 Designer must therefore achieve ‘BEST’ patch structure

for given application
Design based on modification of TM01 mode
BASIC PATCH ANTENNA: Current Distribution of TM01

mode

Final Design
L
Ls
ws /2
ys
wf
sy
W
Feed point
ws /2
xs s

Practical Results
Proposed Design Reference Antenna*
Resonant Frequency, GHz 2.45 2.45

Size Reduction, % 55 0
Return Loss, dB -23 -29
VSWR Bandwidth, % 1.22 1.904
Input Impedance, Ω 50 330
Measured Gain, dB 5.8 6.1
Patch Length L mm 30 39.4
Performance Summary
 55% Size Reduction
 Input Impedance of 50Ω
 Reduced VSWR Bandwidth
*Reference Antenna: Conventional Rectangular

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon Patch 59
Design based on Creation of TM0δ mode
 Previous design
Operates by modification of TM01 mode
 Limitation:
Impedance matching network is required
 New Structure:
Operates by creating an additional TM0δ mode
 Advantages:
 Has input impedance of 50Ω

 Can use direct feed
 No impedance matching required

Two New Antenna Designs
DESIGN A L
l1
• Creates new TM0δ mode by
w1 s
insertion of two slots close to Feed h
non-radiating edge point
W
• Slot dimensions and position
s w1
control frequency and input
impedance
l1
Er
Design A

Typical Current Paths
TM01 mode (f=3.19GHz) TM0δ mode (f=2.86GHz)
 TM0δ mode has different current path to TM01 mode

 TM0δ mode has different frequency and impedance
response
Two New Antenna Designs
DESIGN A L
l1
• Creates new TM0δ mode by
w1 s
insertion of two slots close to Feed h
non-radiating edge point
W
• Slot dimensions and position
s w1
control frequency and input
impedance
l1
Er
Design B
Design A
L
l1
w1 s1
DESIGN B
Feed h
point • Incorporates additional slot in
W
l2
s
w2 centre
s1 w1
• Increases current path of TM0δ

l1
Er mode
12/27/09 • Elsdon
Michael Greater Size Reduction 63
Key Design Features
Primary Performance Goals: Controlling Parameters:
 Resonant frequency  Slot Length
 Input impedance  Slot Width
 Bandwidth  Slot Position
NO UNIQUE SOLUTION FOR PATCH DESIGN
General Conclusions on patch design:
 Slot Separation: results more predictable when slots this is

kept low
 Slot Width: for a given slot length, Zin increases with slot
width
Thus Zin Ws should be small
 Slot Length: Controls resonant frequency and input impedance

Final Designs
Design B
Design A

Practical Results
0
-5
-10
-15
return loss, dB
-20
Design A
-25
-30
Design B
-35
Referenc
-40 e
2.3 2.352.38 2.412.46 2.53 2.632.72 2.772.78 2.832.88 2.953.05 3.15 3.25
Freq, GHz

Practical Results
Design A Design B Reference Antenna
Resonant Frequency, GHz 2.778 2.338 3.15
Size Reduction, % 12 40 NA
Return Loss, dB -16.5 -35 -35
VSWR Bandwidth, % 1.25 1.4 1.904
Input Impedance, Ω 50 50 330
Measured Gain, dB 4.2 3.7 6.1
Performance Summary
 12% and 40% Size Reduction respectively
 No Impedance matching n/w required
 Reduced VSWR Bandwidth
 Reduced Gain
EXTENSION: Planar Fed Dual
Frequency Design
L
s1
w1
l1
wf Zin
W
lf
w1

Practical Results
f1 f2
GHz GHz
Resonant Frequency, GHz 3.18 3.51
Return Loss, dB -38 -18.6
VSWR Bandwidth, % 1.57 0.41
Input Impedance, Ω 50 50
Gain, dB 5.9 5.1

Practical Results
0
-5
-10
Return Loss, dB
-15
-20
-25
f2
-30
-35
-40 f1
-45
3
3.3
3.6
3.9
3.06
3.36
3.42
3.48
3.66
3.72
3.78
3.12
3.18
3.24
3.54
3.84
3.96
Freq, GHz
 Dual Frequency Operation achieved by operating using TM01 and TM0δ

modes
 Impedance Matching at both frequencies achieved using inset feed
Reduced Size Designs with Circular
Polarisation
Application of Slot Loading to Nearly Square CP Patch

Antenna
EMANIM.lnk

Linear and Circular Polarisation
Linear Polarisation Circular Polarisation
y
E2
For CP
x
z E1 = E 2
δ = 900
Amplitude of y
fields
E x = E1 sin ( ωt −βz )
E y = E 2 sin (ωt −βz ) E y = E 2 sin ( ωt −βz + δ)
Phase shift in z
Phase difference between E1
direction
12/27/09 Michael Elsdon
and E2 72
Generation of Circular Polarisation
Dual Feed
L
L
Patch Patch
Antenna
L
Antenna
L
Feed Network
Feed Network
EMANIM.lnk
• Two adjacent sides of square patch are fed to excite TM01
and TM10 modes
• Feed network ensures equal amplitude split and 900 phase
difference between two modes

Generation of Circular Polarisation
Single Feed
• TM01 and TM10 modes having slightly different frequencies
• TM01 mode leads by +450/ TM10 mode lags by -450
• dl is controls phase shift between two modes
Basic Reduced Size CP Patch Antenna
Design
Design Goals L
Feedpoint
 Maximum Frequency l1
Reduction
 Input Impedance Matching
L+dl
w1
 Wide Impedance Bandwidth
 Minimize Axial Ratio

Basic Slot Loaded Design
 Maximise Axial Ratio
Bandwidth
Trade-offs with size
 Maximise perturbation
reduction
segment
 Reduced perturbation size
(dl)
 Increased input impedance

Improved Reduced Size CP Patch Antenna
Design
l1
l3
w2
Feedpoint
L+dl
w1
l2
Design 1

l1 dl Frequency Input CP BW
mm mm GHz Impedance % Advantages
 Larger Perturbation
0 0.81 2.95 245 1.5
4 0.81 2.94 250 1.4

segment
8 0.71 2.826 290 1.2  Relaxed Tolerances
12 0.51 2.643 330 1.1
 Greater Axial Ratio
16 0.41 2.409 475 1.1
bandwidth
New Design  Lower Input Impedance
 Greater Practical Size
l
reduction
dl Frequency Input CP BW
1
mm mm GHz Impedance %
0 0.71 2.95 310 1.2
4 0.71 2.925 330 0.92
8 0.61 2.805 400 0.7
12 0.41 2.639 750 0.59

16 0.21 2.396 1200 0.49
Reference Antenna
Contributions
 Rigorous Investigation of Slot Loaded Patch
Antennas
 Application of segmentation modelling to these structures
 Determined relationship between slot parameters and
antenna performance
 Highlighted associated trade-offs
 Proposed, Designed and Implemented new Planar

Fed Reduced Size Antenna Design
 Linear Polarised Antenna using TM01 mode
 Linear Polarised Antenna using TM0δ mode
 Circular Polarised Antenna using TM01 / TM10 mode
 Dual Frequency LP antenna using TM01 and TM0δ modes

Publications and Presentations:
1. M. Elsdon, A. Sambell and S. Gao, “Inset Microstrip-line Fed Dual Frequency

Microstrip Patch Antenna,12th International Conference on AP,
Exeter, England, No. 491, Volume 1, pp28-30, 31st March – 3rd April 2003
2. M. Elsdon, A. Sambell and S. Gao, “Novel Compact Harmonic-Suppressed

Planar-Fed Microstrip Antenna, 5th European Personal Mobile Communications
Conference, Glasgow, Scotland, No. 492, pp1-4, 22nd – 25th April 2003
3. M. Elsdon, A. Sambell, S. Gao and Y. Qin, “Compact Circular Polarised Patch

Antenna with Relaxed Manufacturing Tolerance and Improved Axial Ratio
Bandwidth,” IEE Electronic Letters, Volume 39, No. 18, p1296-1298, 4th
September 2003
4. Y. Qin, S. Gao, A. Sambell, E. Korolkewicz and M. Elsdon, “Broadband Patch

Antenna with Ring Slot Coupling,” IEE Electronic Letters, Volume 40, No. 1,
pp5-6, 8th January 2004
5. M. Elsdon, A. Sambell, S. Gao and Y. Qin, “Planar Fed Compact Circular

Polarised Microstrip Antenna with Triangular Slot Loading,” Microwave and
Optical Technology Letters, Issue 41:3, pp226-228, 5th May 2004
6. D. Smith, M. Leach, M. Elsdon and S. J. Foti, ‘Using Invisible Region Wave Vectors
For Determining The Properties Of Microwave Antennas And Imaging Fields’, 4th
Int. Symp. On Communication Systems,
12/27/09 Networks And Digital Signal Processing,
Michael Elsdon 79
CSNDSP-04, Newcastle UK, pp. 248-251, July 2004.
7. D. Smith, M. Leach, M. Elsdon and S. J. Foti, ‘Imaging Of Concealed Objects From

Scalar Microwave Holograms’, RF and Microwaves Conf., RFM-04 Malaysia, pp. 127-
131, Oct. 2004.
8. D. Smith, M. Leach, M. Elsdon and S. J. Foti, ‘Holographic Reconstruction of Dish

Antenna Measurements’, Int. Symp. On Antennas, JINA-04, Nice France, pp. 308-
309, Nov. 2004.
9. L.S.K. Dampanaboina, D. Smith, M. Leach, M. Elsdon, S.J. Foti, “Microwave Antenna

Imaging for Medical Diagnostics”, Britains Top Young Engineers Competition,
House of Commons, LONDON, 14th Dec. 2004.
10. Y. Qin, S. Gao, M. Elsdon and A. Sambell, “Broadband high efficiency active
antenna for RF Front-End application,” IEEE Asia Pacific Microwave
Conference 2005.
11. D. Smith, M. Leach, M. Elsdon and S. J. Foti, ‘Imaging Dielectric Objects from
Scalar Intensity Patterns by means of Indirect Holography’, IEEE AP-S
International Symposium and USNC / URSI National Radio Science Meeting,
pp?-?, July 2005
12. M. Elsdon, A. Sambell, and Y. Qin, “Reduced Size Direct Planar Fed Patch
Antenna,” IEE Electronic Letters, Volume 41, No. 16, p884-886, 4th Aug. 2005
13. D. Smith, M. Leach, M. Elsdon, M.J. Fernando and S. J. Foti, ‘Imaging Of Dielectric
Objects
Reconstructed Using Indirect Holographic Intensity Patterns’, 9th International
Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA 05), pp401-404,
Sept. 12-16, 2005, Torino, Italy
14. M. Elsdon, ‘Microwave Imaging using Indirect Synthetic Reference Beam

Holography’, Invited Lecture, Calgary University, December 2005.
15. M. J. FDO, M. Elsdon, M. Leach, D. Smith, S.J. Foti, “Breast Cancer Detection using
Microwave Holographic Imaging”, Britains Top Young Engineers Competition,
House of Commons, LONDON, Dec. 2005.
16. Y. Qin, S. Gao, A. Sambell, M. Elsdon, and E. Korelkiewicz, “Design of a

Broadband Square Ring Slot Coupled Patch Antenna,” Microwave and Optical
Technology Letters, Issue 47:5,2005
17. M. Elsdon, D. Smith, M. Leach. S. Foti, ‘Microwave Imaging of Concealed Metal

Objects using a Novel Indirect Holographic Method’, Microwave and Optical
Technology Letters, Issue 47:6, December 2005
18. M. Elsdon, M. Leach, D. Smith, S. Foti, “Microwave Imaging at Northumbria

University”, MIAS-IRC Spring School, Oxford University, 19 – 24th March 2006.
19. M. Elsdon, D. Smith, M. Leach. S. Foti, ‘Experimental Investigation of Breast Tumor

Imaging Using Indirect Microwave Holography’, Microwave and Optical
Technology Letters, Issue 48:3, March 2006
20. D. Smith and M. Elsdon, ‘Breast Cancer detection using Microwave

Holography’, Invited Lecture, Newcastle University Medical School, May 15th
2006.
21. M. Elsdon, and Y. Qin, “Dual Frequency Planar Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna,”
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Issue 48:6, pp1053-1054, June 2006
22. D. Smith, M. Leach, M. Elsdon, S.J. Foti, “Indirect Holographic Techniques for
Determining Antenna Radiation Characteristics and Imaging Aperture Fields”, IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine, accepted, 2006
23. M. Leach, M. Elsdon, S.J. Foti and D.Smith, “Imaging Dielectric Objects Using
a Novel Synthetic Off-Axis Holographic Technique”, Microwave and Optical
Technology Letters, accepted 2006
24. M. Elsdon, M. Leach, M.J. FDO, S.J. Foti, D. Smith, “Early Stage Breast Cancer
Detection using Indirect Microwave Holography”, European Microwave
Conference, Manchester, pp?-?, September 10-15 2006

25. D. Smith, M. Elsdon, M. Leach, M.J. Fdo, S. J. Foti, “ 3D Microwave Imaging for
Medical and Security Applications”, International RF and Microwave Conference,
pp?-?, Malaysia, Sept. 12-14 2006
26. D. Smith, M. Elsdon, M. Leach, M.J. Fdo, S. J. Foti, “Medical Imaging using a
Microwave Indirect Holographic Technique”, Mediterranean Microwave Symposium,
Genoa, pp?-?, September 19-21 2006
27. M.J. Fdo, M. Elsdon, M. Leach, D. Smith, S.J. Foti, “A Holographic Solution for
Concealed Object Detection”, The Mediterranean Journal of Computers and
Networks, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 160-165, October 2006.
28. D. Smith, M. Elsdon, M. Leach, M.J. Fdo, S. J. Foti, “A Method for 3D Breast Cancer
Imaging Using Microwave Holography”, International Symposium on Antennas
and Propagation, Singapore, pp?-?, November 1-4 2006
29. D. Smith, M. Elsdon, M. Leach, M.J. Fdo, S. J. Foti, “A Microwave Indirect

Holographic System for Security and Medical Imaging Applications”, European
Conference on Antennas and Propagation, France, pp?-?, November 6-10 2006

Acknowledgements
Prof. A Sambell: Director of Studies
Prof. B. Cryan: 2nd Supervisor
Dr. D. Smith: 2nd Supervisor
Prof. S. Foti: for advice and fruitful discussions

Thank You for Your
Attention

Important Design
Considerations 2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
Resonant fr =   + 
2π ε r µ r  L  W 
Frequency
c
f ≈
2 L εr
Input Impedance at Resonance

1
Z in =
2Gr
Fractional Bandwidth ∆f VSWR − 1

=
f r Qt VSWR
BW ~ volume = area * height = length * width * height

Important Design
Considerations
Q Factor 1 1 1 1 1
(antenna loss factors) = + + +
Qt Qr Qc Qd Qsw
Qt
Efficiency e=
Qrad
Gain Gn = eD
Directivit 4( k 0W )
2
y D≈
π ηG 0 r

ME - Microstrip Antennas

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Reduced Size Microstrip Patch

Dr. Michael Elsdon

Northumbria Communications Research Lab

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 1

 Reduced Size Solutions

 Mathematical Analysis of Slot Loaded

 New Patch Designs

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 2

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 3

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 4

 Consists of a metallic strip placed above a

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 6

H-Plane Pattern E-Plane Pattern

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 7

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 8

Substrate Ground Plane

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 10

 Low Cost using PCB  Restricted Bandwidth

 Bandwidth Extension Techniques

 Future requirement for SMALLER Communication

 Circuitry associated with comm. systems has reduced

 This is NOT TRUE of Antennas

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 13

1. Investigate Present Techniques for Reducing Patch

2. Develop Analytical Model to determine the

3. Analyse the effect of design parameters on patch

4. Propose new designs for reduced size patch

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 14

 Magnetic Wall ∂EZ

12/27/09 Voltage Current

12/27/09 Voltage Current

1. High Permittivity Substrate

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 18

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 21

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 22

ground plane ground plane ground plane

shorting wall shorting plate shorting pin

(a) (b) (c)

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 25

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 26

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 28

Standard Patch Slot Loaded Patch

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 30

 reduced BW, increased dielectric losses, increased cost

 increased volume, complex manufacturing process

 problems with radiation pattern, feeding and manufacturing

 problems with back radiation, less transmission power

 can produce wide range of designs:

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 31

 Lack of theoretical investigation to

 Lack of Research into the trade-offs from

 Little work exists on the use of planar fed

 Transmission Line Model:

 Coplanar Multiport Network Model with Segmentation:

Suitable for Irregular Geometries

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 34

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 35

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 36

 Z p1c1 Z p 2c1 ... Z pnc1 

 ... ... ... ...  l1

12/27/09 Michael Elsdon 38