APPLICATION OF

QUADRATIC
GEOMETRY IN MAPS

BY
ANUGRAHA THOMAS
ARITRA BANERJEE
ARJUN VALlYAVEETIL
ARPIT MAURYA
ATHIRA NANDAKUMAR
BALAJI KUMARESAN

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE
SYSTEM
One of the most common coordinate systems in
use is the Geographic Coordinate System, which
uses degrees of latitude and longitude to
describe a location on the earths surface.
The earth is effectively a sphere, so how do we
describe where a point is on its surface?
The most common way to locate points on the
surface of the Earth is by standard, geographic
coordinates called latitude and longitude. These
coordinates values are measured in degrees, and
represent angular distances calculated from the
center of the Earth.

Latitudes
The ends of the axis are the North Pole at 90north
and the South Pole at 90 south. The Equator is a
line around the earth, an equal distance from both
poles. The Equator is the latitude line given the
value of 0 degrees. This means it is the starting
point for measuring latitude.
Latitude values indicate the angular distance
between the Equator and points north or south of it
on the surface of the Earth.
A line connecting all the points with the same
latitude value is called a line of latitude.

 Each degree of latitude is approximately 111 km

apart.

LONGITUDE

Lines of longitude, called meridians, run

perpendicular to lines of latitude, and all pass
through both poles. Each longitude line is part of a
great circle. The meridian line through Greenwich,
England, is currently given the value of 0 degrees of
longitude;

 At the equator, and only at the equator, the

distance represented by one line of longitude is
equal to the distance represented by one degree of
latitude.
As you move towards the poles, the distance
between lines of longitude becomes progressively
less until, at the exact location of the pole, all 360
of longitude are represented by a single point you
could put your finger on. A degree of longitude is
widest at the equator at 69.172 miles (111.321) and
gradually shrinks to zero at the poles. At 40 north
or south the distance between a degree of
longitude is 53 miles.

Increments of Degrees
Using the geographic coordinate system, we have a
grid of lines dividing the earth into squares .But not
very useful for determining the location of anything
within that square.
A map grid must divided into small sections so that it
is used to describe with an acceptable level of
accuracy the location of a point on the map.
To accomplish this, degrees are divided into minutes
(') and seconds (").
There are sixty minutes in a degree, and sixty seconds
in a minute (3600 seconds in a degree).

 The Earth is divided equally into 360 degrees of longitude.

There are 180 degrees of longitude to the east of the Prime
Meridian; when the directional designator is omitted these
longitudes are given positive values.
There are also 180 degrees of longitude to the west of the
Prime Meridian; when the directional designator is omitted
these longitudes are given negative values.
Degrees of latitude and longitude can be further subdivided
into minutes and seconds.
A degree of longitude varies in size. At the equator, it is
approximately 69 miles, the same size as a degree of
latitude.
The size gradually decreases to zero as the meridians
converge at the poles.

 DECIMAL , MINUTES , SECONDS [DMS] SYSTEM :

Measure of an angle can be represented in subdivision of degrees into

minutes and seconds. Each degree can be divided into 60 minutes. Each
minute is further subdivided into 60 seconds.
In a full circle there are 360 degrees.
Each degree is split up into 60 parts. These parts are called minutes.
Each minute is split up into 60 parts. These parts are called seconds.

There are symbols that are used when stating angles using degrees,
minutes, and seconds.
Symbol for degree: o
Symbol for minute:
Symbol for second:
DECIMAL DEGREE [DD] SYSTEM :
This is used to express latitude and longitude geographic coordinates as decimal
fractions and are used in many geographic information systems (GIS), web mapping
and GPS devices.

 CONVERSION FROM DMS SYSTEM TO DD SYSTEM:

To convert from the DMS system to decimal degrees (DD) the
formula: (degrees)+(minutes/60)+(seconds/3600) = decimal
degrees.
For example, an angle measuring 45 degrees, 45minutes and 45
seconds can be converted through the above formula and the result
is (45)+(45/60)+(45/3600) = 45.7625 .
CONVERSION FROM DD SYSTEM TO DMS SYSTEM:
First subtract the whole degree from the number. Then multiply the
remaining fraction with 60 minutes. Subtract the whole minute from
the new number and then multiply the number with 60 seconds.
Then the this number is the seconds.
i.e. (decimal degrees) (whole degrees) = (remaining fraction)

(remaining fraction) x 60 = (minutes)

(decimal minutes) (whole minutes) = (remaining fraction)

(remaining fraction) x 60 = (seconds)

Answer = (whole degrees) , (whole minutes) , (seconds)

Another example is to convert 34.78 to degrees, minutes and
seconds. We can use the above method to convert it. The result is 34
degrees, 46 minutes and 48 seconds.

Properties of great Circles

1. They always result when a plane passes through

the exact center of a sphere, regardless of the
plane's orientation when it enters the sphere.
2. A great circle is the largest possible circle that
can be drawn on the surface of a sphere.
3. An infinite number of great circles can be
drawn on any sphere.
4. The arc of a great circle is the shortest
surface distance between any two points on a
sphere

5. Intersecting great circles always cut

one another exactly in half.
4. One and only one great circle can be
found that will pass through two
specified points on the
surface of a sphere, unless those two
points happen to be exactly opposite one
another

1. They can be used to find the shortest route for a ship,

airplane, or, less happily, a missile that must cross great
distances.
2. You can find the great circle route between two places
on a globe by stretching a string or rubber-band between
any those two locations on the globe: It'll settle on the
great circle.
3. When you sample headings for a variety of places on the
great circle route and then transfer the resulting line
segments onto a flat map, like a wall map, you'll produce a
weird-looking path that forms an arc between the two
places (instead of a straight line).

THANK

YOU