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Brittle fracture
Fracture mechanics is used to formulate quantitatively
Potential Energy
Distance
Bond
Energy
Attraction
Equilibrium
Distance xo
Tension
Compression
Tdx
(2.1)
xo
Where x
is the equilibrium spacing
o
between two atoms.
Idealizing force-displacement relation as one
half of sine wave
T sin( )
C
Applied Force
Bond
Energy
(2.2)
xo
Cohesive
Force
Distance
relationship is given by
x
(2.2)
Potential Energy
TT
Repulsion
Distance
Bond
Energy
Attraction
Tension
(2.3)
Or
Bond
Energy
Applied Force
Equilibrium
Distance xo
Compression
xo
(2.4)
(2.5)
Cohesive
Force
Distance
sin
1
2
dx
(2.6)
Potential Energy
Repulsion
Distance
Bond
Energy
Attraction
Equilibrium
Distance xo
Tension
E
x
C
Bond
Energy
Applied Force
Compression
xo
(2.7)
Cohesive
Force
Distance
(2.8)
(2.9)
a
And the tip stress as
a
A 1 a
(2.10)
2b
2a
(2.11)
For a sharp crack, a >>> b, 0 and stress at the crack tip tends to
Assuming that for a metal, plastic deformation is zero and the sharpest
crack may have root radius as atomic spacing x o then the stress is
given by
a
(2.12)
A 2
xo
When far end stress reaches fracture stress f , crack propagates and
the stress at A reaches cohesive stress A C
then using eq. 2.7
E
f s
4a
1/ 2
This would
(2.13)
2a
a sin
u sin g x a cos
E
2a 2
(2.15)
Ua
E
B
2a
2a
2 2
P1
Load, P
a
Ua
E
P2
Crack begins
to grow from
length (a)
Crack is
longer by an
increment (da)
)
(a
)
da
+
(a
(2.18)
Displacement, v
Energy, U
4a
(a)
Crack
length, a
1/ 2
Total energy
(2.19)
for plane stress
Stable
Unstable
1/ 2
2a 2
E
Potential energy U
release rate G = a
(2.20)
for plane strain
Ua
Rates, G,
2E s
f
2
a(1 )
Elastic Strain
energy released
Syrface energy/unit
extension =
(b)
Crack
length, a
ac
(a) Variation of Energy with Crack length
(b) Variation of energy rates with crack length
1/ 2
1/ 2
dU
da
Note that the strain energy release rate is respect to crack length and
most definitely not time. Fracture occurs when reaches a critical
value which is denoted G c.
At fracture we have G G c so that
1/ 2
1 EG c
f
Y a
Mode III - Tearing mode: where the crack surfaces are displaced in the
Thickness
B
Thickness
B
yy
Crack
Plane
X
a
Plane Stress
Plane Strain
0 ;
0
x
y
y
x
2
2
2
x 2 , y 2 , xy
y
x
xy
Then
Re[ Z] y Im[Z]
bg
Z z Re[ z] y Im[ z] ; z = x + iy
a2
Boundary Conditions :
At infinity | z | x y , xy 0
On crack faces
a x a; y 0 x xy 0
2a
s
By replacing z by z+a , origin shifted to crack tip.
b g
zb
z 2a g
za
KI
Z
2az
2 z
KI a
KI must be real and a constant at the crack tip. This is due to a
1
Singularity given by
z
z ei
Further Simplification gives:
KI
3
cos 1 sin sin
2 r
2
2 2
KI
3
y
cos 1 sin sin
2 r
2
2 2
KI
3
xy
sin cos cos
2 r
2 2
2
KI
In general ij
f ij and K I Y a
2 r
where Y = configuration factor
x
2(1 )
r
1
KI
cos
sin 2
E
2
2 2
2
2(1 )
r
1
KI
sin
cos2
E
2 2 2
2
2
2
v
E
(1 2 )
v
E
v
2
(1 2 )
2
2
Ua 4
a x dx
Ua 4
E
E
0
0
2 a 2
2 a 2 (1 2 )
E
E
The strain energy release rate is given by G dU a da
a
2 a
GI =
E
K 2I
GI =
E
2 (1 2 )a
GI =
E
K 2I (1 2 )
GI =
E
x 2 dx
For problems with crack tip under shear loading, Airys stress
function is taken as
II y Re[Z]
0
0 z
a2
2a
Boundary Conditions :
At infinity | z | x y 0, xy 0
On crack faces
a x a; y 0 x xy 0
With usual simplification would give the stresses as
x
K II
3
cos cos 2 cos cos
2 r
2 2
2
2
K II
3
cos sin cos
2 r
2 2
2
xy
K II
3
cos 1 sin sin
2 r
2
2 2
K II
E
(1 )sin 2 cos
2
2
K II
E
(1 )cos 2 cos
2
2
K II o a
K 2I
GI =
E
K 2I (1 2 )
GI =
E
xz yz
0
x
y
Strain displacement relationship is given by
2 w 2 w
2
w0
2
2
x
y
if w is taken as
1
w Im[ Z]
G
Then
xy Im[Z]; yz Re[Z]
0 z
a2
sin
2 r
2
K
yz III cos
2 r
2
x y xy 0
xz
w
sin
G
2
uv0
K III o a