http://www.labinitio.com (nz302.

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adapted from http://www.labinitio.com (nz302.jpg)

Todays lecture is brought to you by the letter P.

http://www.labinitio.com (nz288.jpg)

Announcements
There is lots of nice math in chapter 32! This lecture calls
your attention to those parts of the chapter that you need to
know for exams. Keep this lecture in mind when you study
chapter 32.

Exam 3 is the second Tuesday after Spring Break. I will need

to know by the Wednesday after Spring Break of any students
who have special needs different than for exam 2.
Exam 3 will cover material through the end of todays lecture.
Material presented in lecture during the first week after Spring
Break will be covered on the final exam.

Review and Note!

These say integrate over a surface (which has an area) that
encloses (and defines) some volume:

q encl

E dA

B dA

These say integrate over a line (which has a length) that

encloses (and defines) some surface:

B ds =

dB
E ds = - dt

Note: All of these mean average: <S> Saverage Sav Savg

Todays agenda:
Electromagnetic Waves.
Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves.
Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an Electromagnetic
Wave.

rarely in the course of human events have so many starting equations been given in so little time

We began this course by studying fields that didnt vary with

timethe electric field due to static charges, and the magnetic
field due to a constant current.
In case you didnt noticeabout a half dozen lectures ago
things started moving!
We found that changing magnetic
field gives rise to an electric field.
Also a changing electric field gives
rise to a magnetic field.
These time-varying electric and magnetic fields can propagate
through space.

Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwells Equations

q enclosed
E dA o
d B
E ds dt

B dA 0
dE
B ds=0Iencl + 00 dt

These four equations provide a complete description of

electromagnetism.

E
0

B 0

dB
E=dt

1 dE
B= 2
+ 0 J
c dt

Production of Electromagnetic Waves

Apply a sinusoidal voltage to an antenna.
Charged particles in the antenna oscillate sinusoidally.
The accelerated charges produce sinusoidally varying
electric and magnetic fields, which extend throughout
space.

The fields do not instantaneously permeate all space, but

propagate at the speed of light.
y
x

direction of
propagation

direction of
propagation

This static image doesnt show how the wave propagates.

Here is an animation, available on-line:

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=35

Here is a movie.

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, but are not

mechanical waves (they need no medium to vibrate in).
Therefore, electromagnetic waves can propagate in free
space.
At any point, the magnitudes of E and B (of the wave
shown) depend only upon x and t, and not on y or z. A
collection of such waves is called a plane wave.

y
x

direction of
propagation

Manipulation of Maxwells equations leads to the following

Equations on this slide are for waves
plane wave equations for E and B:
propagating along x-direction.
2E y
x

= 0 0

2E y (x, t)

2B z
2B z (x,t)
= 0 0
2
x
t 2

t 2

These equations have solutions:

Ey =Emax sin kx - t
Bz =Bmax sin kx - t
where

2
k= ,

= 2f ,

and

Emax and Bmax are the

electric and magnetic
field amplitudes

f = = c.
k

You can verify this by direct substitution.

Emax and Bmax in these notes are sometimes written by others as E0 and B0.

You can also show that

E y

B z
=x
t

Emax k cos kx - t =Bmax cos kx - t

Emax E
1
= = =c=
.
Bmax B k
0 0
At every instant, the ratio of the magnitude of the electric field
to the magnitude of the magnetic field in an electromagnetic
wave equals the speed of light.

direction of
propagation

Emax (amplitude)
E(x,t)

Summary of Important Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

The solutions of Maxwells equations are wave-like with both E
and B satisfying a wave equation.

Ey =Emax sin kx - t
Bz =Bmax sin kx - t
Electromagnetic waves travel through empty space with the
speed of light c = 1/(00).

Emax and Bmax are the electric and magnetic field amplitudes.

Summary of Important Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

The components of the electric and magnetic fields of plane EM
waves are perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation. The latter property says that EM
waves are transverse waves.
y
x

direction of
propagation

The magnitudes of E and B in empty space are related by

E/B = c.
Emax E
= = =c
Spring 2012:
B max B k
slide 19 next

Possible Homework Hints

(may not be needed every semester)

The speed of light in a nonconducting medium other than a

vacuum is less than c:
1
v=
m0 0
where is the relative dielectric constant (remember it from
capacitors?) and m is called the relative permeability of the
medium.

1
Because c =
0 0
c
.
you can show that v =
m

These equations are not on your

equation sheet, but you have permission
to use them for tomorrows homework (if
needed): use v for the wave speed, and
replace 0 by 0 and 0 by m0.

Possible Homework Hints

Satellite:

(may not be needed every semester)

mv 2 GmMearth
F=
=
R
R2

2R
v=
T

Solve the above to get the distance R of the satellite from the
center of the earth, then subtract 6.38x106 m to get the height
of the satellite above the ground.

Gravitational force of sun:

GmMsun
F=
R2

Possible Homework Hints

(may not be needed every semester)

For problem 32.53, the satellite orbits at a height of 2.02x107

m above the ground. You dont need to calculate this height;
just use the number above

Todays agenda:
Electromagnetic Waves.
Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves.
Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an Electromagnetic
Wave.

Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves carry energy, and as they propagate
through space they can transfer energy to objects in their path.
The rate of flow of energy in an electromagnetic wave is
described by a vector S, called the Poynting vector.*
S=

1
E B
0

The magnitude S represents the rate at which energy flows

through a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of
wave propagation.
Thus, S represents power per unit area. The direction of S is
along the direction of wave propagation. The units of S are
J/(sm2) =W/m2.
*J. H. Poynting, 1884.

E
B
z

For an EM wave E B =EB

EB
so S =
.
0

1
S = E B
0

S
c

Because B = E/c we can write

E2
cB2
S=
=
.
0 c 0

These equations for S apply at any instant of time and

represent the instantaneous rate at which energy is passing
through a unit area.

EB E2
cB2
S=
=
=
0 0 c 0
EM waves are sinusoidal. Ey =Emax sin kx - t

Bz =Bmax sin kx - t

EM wave propagating
along x-direction

The average of S over one or more cycles is called the wave

intensity I.
The time average of sin2(kx - t) is , so
2
2
EmaxBmax Emax
cBmax
I = Saverage = S =
=
=
20
20c
20

Notice the 2s in
this equation.

This equation is the same as 32-29 in your text, using c = 1/(00).

The magnitude of S is the rate at which energy is

transported by a wave across a unit area at any instant:

energy

power
time

S=
=

area
area

instantaneous

instantaneous
Thus,

energy

power
time

I= S =
=

area
area

average

average
Note: Saverage and <S> mean the same thing!

Energy Density
The energy densities (energy per unit volume) associated
with electric and magnetic fields are:

1 B2
uB =
2 0

1
uE = 0E2
2

Using B = E/c and c = 1/(00) we can write

1 B2 1 c
uB =
=
2 0 2 0

1 0 0E2 1
=
= 0E2
2 0
2

1
1 B2
2
uB = uE = 0E =
2
2 0

remember: E and B are

sinusoidal functions of time

1
1 B2
2
uB = uE = 0E =
2
2 0
For an electromagnetic wave, the instantaneous energy density
associated with the magnetic field equals the instantaneous
energy density associated with the electric field.

Hence, in a given volume the energy is equally shared by the

two fields. The total energy density is equal to the sum of the
energy densities associated with the electric and magnetic
fields:
B2
2
u = uB +uE = 0E =
0

2
B
u = uB +uE = 0E2 =
0

When we average this instantaneous energy density over one

or more cycles of an electromagnetic wave, we again get a
factor of from the time average of sin2(kx - t).
2
1
1 Bmax
2
uE = 0Emax , uB =
, and
4
4 0

2
B
1
1
2
max
u = 0Emax
=
2
2 0

2
2
1 Emax
1 cBmax
Recall Saverage = S =
=
so we see that S = c u .
2 0 c 2 0

The intensity of an electromagnetic wave equals the average

energy density multiplied by the speed of light.
Spring 2012:
slide 29 next

Homework Clarification
Problem 32.23 also calculate the energy density due to the
electric and magnetic fields

this means calculate the average energy densities

1
2
uE = 0Emax
,
4

2
1 Bmax
uB =
.
4 0

Not assigned this semester.

Quiz 8.

Example: a radio station on the surface of the earth radiates a

sinusoidal wave with an average total power of 50 kW.
Assuming the wave is radiated equally in all directions above
the ground, find the amplitude of the electric and magnetic
fields detected by a satellite 100 km from the antenna.
All the radiated power passes
through the hemispherical
surface* so the average power
per unit area (the intensity) is

Satellite
R

Station

P
power
I=
=

2
area average 2R

5.00 10 W

=
2 1.00 10 m
4

= 7.96 10-7 W m2
Todays lecture is brought
to you by the letter P.

*In problems like this you need to ask whether the power
is radiated into all space or into just part of space.

2
1 Emax
I= S =
2 0 c

Satellite
R

Emax = 20cI

Station

= 2 4 10-7 3 108 7.96 10-7

= 2.45 10-2 V

Emax
Bmax =
=
c

2.45 10-2 V

m = 8.17 10-11 T
8
3

10
m s

Example: for the radio station in the example on the previous

two slides, calculate the average energy densities associated
with the electric and magnetic field.

1
2
uE = 0Emax
4

2
1 Bmax
uB =
4 0

1
-12
-2 2
uE = 8.85 10 2.45 10
4

1 8.17 10
uB =
4 4 10-7

uE =1.33 10

-15

J
m3

-11 2

uB =1.33 10

-15

J
m3

Todays agenda:
Electromagnetic Waves.
Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves.
Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an
Electromagnetic Wave.

Momentum and Radiation Pressure

EM waves carry linear momentum as well as energy. When
this momentum is absorbed at a surface pressure is exerted on
that surface.
If we assume that EM radiation is incident on an object for a
time t and that the radiation is entirely absorbed by the
object, then the object gains energy U in time t.
Maxwell showed that the momentum
change of the object is then:
U
p =
(total absorption)
c

incident

The direction of the momentum change of the object is in the

direction of the incident radiation.
Todays lecture is brought
to you by the letter P.

If instead of being totally absorbed the radiation is totally

reflected by the object, and the reflection is along the incident
path, then the magnitude of the momentum change of the
object is twice that for total absorption.
incident
reflected

2U
p =
c

(total reflection along incident path)

The direction of the momentum change of the object is again

in the direction of the incident radiation.

Radiation Pressure
The radiation pressure on the object is defined as the force per
unit area:
F
P=
A
From Newtons

2nd

F 1 dp
Law (F = dp/dt) we have: P = =
A A dt

U
For total absorption, p =
c
dU
1 dp 1 d U 1 dt S
=
=
So P =
=
A dt A dt c c A c

incident

(Equations on this slide involve magnitudes of vector quantities.)

This is the instantaneous radiation pressure in the case of total

absorption:
S
P=
c
For the average radiation pressure, replace S by <S>=Savg=I:
Prad =

S average
c

I
=
c

Electromagnetic waves also carry momentum through space

with a momentum density of Saverage/c2=I/c2. This is not on your
equation sheet but you have special permission to use it in
tomorrows homework, if necessary.
Todays lecture is brought
to you by the letter P.

I
Prad =
(total absorption)
c

incident
absorbed

Using the arguments above it can also be shown that:

2I
Prad =
(total reflection)
c

incident

reflected

Example: a satellite orbiting the earth has solar energy

collection panels with a total area of 4.0 m2. If the suns
radiation is incident perpendicular to the panels and is
completely absorbed find the average solar power absorbed
and the average force associated with the radiation pressure.
The intensity (I or Saverage) of sunlight prior to passing through
the earths atmosphere is 1.4 kW/m2.

Power = IA = 1.4 103 W

m2

2
3
4.0
m
=5.6

10
W =5.6 kW

Assuming total absorption of the radiation:

Prad =

Saverage
c

I
= =

1.4 103 W

3 108 m

F =PradA = 4.7 10-6 N

m
2

m = 4.7 10 Pa
2

-6

2
-5
4.0
m
=1.9

10
N

Caution! The letter P

(or p) has been used
in this lecture for
power, pressure, and
momentum!
Thats because todays lecture is
brought to you by the letter P.

New starting equations from this lecture:

1
S = E B
0

2
2
1 Emax
1 cBmax
Saverage =
=
2 0 c 2 0

Emax E
1
= =c=
Bmax B
00

1
1 B2
2
uB = uE = 0E =
2
2 0

k = , = 2f , f = = c

2
1
1 Bmax
2
u = 0Emax =
2
2 0

U
2U
p =
or
c
c

I
2I
Prad = or
c
c

There are even more on your starting equation sheet; they are derived from the above!