Memory and Registers

Submitted To:
Mahendra Kumar

Submitted by:
Manisha Kaura
M.Tech (ECE-1st sem)
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Content
Memory
ROM
RAM

Types of ROM
Advantages and disadvantages of ROM
Register- Definition
Shift register characteristics
Data Movement
Applications of Shift register

Memory
Sequential circuits all depend upon the presence of
memory
A flip-flop can store one bit of information
A register can store a single word
typically 32 or 64 bits

Memory stores a large number of words

Memory stores this large amounts of data using two

primary device types
Read Only Memory (ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
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Memory
You can think of memory as being
one big array (list) of data
The address serves as an array
index
Each address refers to one word
of data (e.g., 8-bits, 16-bits, etc.)

You can read (or modify) the data

at any given memory address,
just like you can read (or modify)
the contents of an array at any
given index

Address
00000000
00000001
00000002
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
FFFFFFFD
FFFFFFFE
FFFFFFFF

Data
0110101100111101
1011111100100100
1001110011110111

0000101100001111
1100101000110001
0110101111010000

word
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Memory
Content loading (programming) done many
ways depending on device type
ROM: mask programmed, loaded at the factory
hardwired - cant be changed
embedded mass-produced systems

PROM: OTP (One Time Programmable),

programmed by user, using an external
programming device
EPROM: reusable, erased by UV light,
programmed by user, using an external
programming device
EEPROM: electrically erasable, clears entire
blocks with single operation, programmed inplace (no need to remove from circuit board)
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ROM -Advantages and Disadvantages

Ease of speed and design
For moderately complex function a ROM-based circuit is
usually faster than a circuit using multiple SSI/MSI devices and
PLDs
The program that generates the ROM contents can easily be
structured to handle unusual or undefined cases that would
require additional hardware in any other design. e.g. the adder
program easily handles out-of-range sums.
A ROMs function is easily modified just by changing the stored
pattern, usually without changing any external connections
The prices of ROMs are dropping and densities increasing
making them more economical and expanding the scope with a
single chip
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ROM -Advantages and Disadvantages

May consume more power
For functions with more inputs a ROM based circuit is
impractical because of the limit on ROM sizes that are available

Registers

Definition
A register is a digital circuit with two basic functions:
Data Storage and Data Movement
A shift register provides the data movement function
A shift register shifts its output once every clock cycle

A shift register is a group of flip-flops set up in a linear

fashion with their inputs and outputs connected
together in such a way that the data is shifted from
one device to another when the circuit is active.

Shift Registers
The simplest shift register is one that uses only Flip-Flops
The output of a given Flip-Flop is connected to the D input of the
Flip-Flop at its right.
Each clock pulse shifts the contents of the register one bit
position to the right.
The Serial input (SI) determines what goes into the leftmost FlipFlop during the shift. The Serial output (SO) is taken from the
output of the rightmost Flip-Flop.

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Shift Register Characteristics

Types
Serial-in, Serial-out
Serial-in, Parallel-out
Parallel-in, Serial-out
Parallel-in, Parallel-out
Universal

Direction

n-bit shift
register

Left shift
Right shift
Rotate (right or left)
Bidirectional

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Data Movement
The bits in a shift register can move in any of the
following manners

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Serial-In Serial-Out
A simple way of looking at the
serial shifting operation, with
a focus on the data bits, is
illustrated at right
The 4-bit data word 1011 is
to be shifted into a 4-bit shift
register
One shift per clock pulse
Data is shown entering at left
and shifting right

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Universal Shift Register

Universal shift register
Can do any combination of
parallel and serial
input/output operations
Requires additional inputs to
specify desired function

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Shift Register Applications

converting between
serial data and
parallel data
temporary storage in
a processor

some counter
applications
time delay devices

scratch-pad memories

some arithmetic
operations
multiply, divide

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