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11 standards
Alphabet Soup!
Exam Essentials
Remember both the required data rates and supported data rates of
each PHY.
DSSS and FHSS require and support data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps. Other PHYs
offer a wider support for data rates. For example, OFDM and ERP-OFDM
support data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps, but only the rates of
6, 12 and 24 Mbps are mandatory. Please understand that data rates are speeds
and not aggregate throughput.
Explain the three vendor operational modes of ERP (802.11g) and the
consequences of each mode.
An 802.11g access point may be configured as B-only mode, G-only mode, or
B/G mixed mode. The three modes support different spread spectrum
technologies and have different aggregate throughput results.
Exam Essentials
Know the mandatory and optional technologies used in an ERP
WLAN.
ERP (802.11g) defines two mandatory PHYs, ERP-OFDM and ERPDSSS/CCK. The two optional PHYs are ERP-PBCC and DSSS-OFDM.
Explain the defined wireless security standards both pre802.11i and post-802.11i.
Before the passage of 802.11i, WEP encryption and either Open
System or Shared Key authentication were defend. The 802.11i
amendment calls for the use of CCMP/AES for encryption. For
authentication, 802.11i defines either an 802.1X/EAP solution or the use
of preshared keys.
Exam Essentials
Define the Inter-Access Point Protocol and why it was
originally proposed.
IAPP is a vendor interoperability roaming protocol that is
outlined in the 802.11F recommended practice.
Pg 155
802.11Prime
FHSS and DSS were originally specified for 2.4 Ghz ISM
band
2.4 Ghz to 2.4835 Ghz
Pg 156
802.11 b
802.11 a
802.11 g
802.11d
802.11 F
802.11 h
802.11 I
802.11 j
802.11 e
802.11 k
802.11 r
Pg 157
802.11 b
HR-DSSS
Backward compatible with any DSSS
implementations of 802.11 prime
Not common
Clause 18
2.4 Ghz
CCK modulation
1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbps
5.5 and 11 are HR-DSSS
Pg 157
802.11 a
For the new 5 Ghz UNII band
Less crowded than 2.4 Ghz
Clause 17
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Required rates
6, 12, 24
Also supports
6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54
Different vendors can choose different implementations
802.11 g
Clause 19
2.4 Ghz
Extended Rate Physical-ERP
Enhance the 802.11b speeds
Two PHY
ERP-OFDM
ERP-DSSS/CCK
Backward compatible with 802.11b OFDM
Pg 160
802.11 g
Required Speeds
6, 12, 24
For backward compatibility, ERP-DSSS/CCK
supports 1, 2, 5.5, 11
Optional
6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54
802.11 g
Due to backward compatibility, multiple
implementations
B-only mode
G-Only Mode
b/g mode
Supports both, but when a 802.11b signal is
detected, all stations are forced to protection
Causes degradation of throughput to support older
rates
Pg 160
802.11 Amendments
Pg 162
Other Amendments
802.11 d
To support other countries
Beacon and probes to support country
specific power levels
802.11 F
Recommended practice
Roaming standard
Like cell phones
Roaming
Roaming
Pg 164
802.11 h
The dynamic frequency selection (DFS) service provides
for the following:
An AP will allow client stations to associate based on the
supported channel of the access point. The term associate
means that a station has become a member of the APs wireless
network.
An AP can quiet a channel to test for the presence of radar.
An AP may test a channel for the presence of radar before using
the channel.
An AP can detect radar on the current channel and other
channels.
An AP can cease operations after radar detection to avoid
interference.
When interference is detected, the AP may choose a different
channel to transmit on and inform all the associated stations.
Pg 166
802.11 h
TPC provides
Designation of the maximum transmit power
levels permitted on a channel, as permitted by
regulations.
An AP can specify the transmit power of any
or all stations that are associated with the
access point.
An AP can change transmission power on
stations based on factors of the physical RF
environment such as path loss.
Pg 167
802.11 i
Data privacy
Authentication
Replaced WEP
WEP was a poorly implemented solution
Pg 167
Wireless Security
Open System Authentication
Verified identity regardless
No authentication
Pg 168
802.11 i
Defined the Robust Security Network
(RSN)
Better hide data broadcast on an unbounded
medium
Bigger guard at the door to the network
Data Privacy
Authentication
Pg 168
802.11 i-Authentication
802.1X
Implements Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP)
Method of authentication not specified
Commonly used with existing authentication
systems
RADIUS
KERBEROS
Pre-Shared Key
Uses a passphrase/Key as the starting point
Pg 168
Pg 168
802.11 j
Japanese Market approval
Different frequencies and bands
Pg 168
802.11 e
Layer 2 MAC methods for providing QOS
for time sensitive applications
Voice Over technologies
802.11 e
802.11e defines Hybrid Coordination Function
(HCF)
Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA)
Extends DCF-allows for prioritization of frames
Create an EZ-PASS lane for higher need traffic
802.11 k
Radio Resource Measurements
Ability to gather information about the network for better control
Layer 1 and Layer 2
Client statistics
Physical layer information such as signal-to-noise ratio, signal
strength, and data rates can all be reported back to the access
point or WLAN controller. MAC information such as frame
transmissions, retries, and errors may all be reported back to
the access point or WLAN controller as well.
Pg 170
802.11 k
Channel statistics
Clients may gather noise-floor information based on any RF
energy in the background of the channel and report this
information back to the access point. Channel load information
may also be collected and sent to the AP. The access point or
WLAN controller may use this information for channel
management decisions.
Neighbor reports
Mobile Assisted Handover (MAHO) is a technique used by digital
phones and cellular systems working together to provide better
handover between cells. 802.11k gives access points or WLAN
controllers the ability to direct stations to perform the sort of
tasks that a cellular network requires its handhelds to do when
using MAHO.
802.11 r
Fast basic service set transition
Fast secure roaming
Pg 171
802.11 n
2.4 Ghz AND 5 Ghz
High Throughput-HT
Both PHY and MAC enhanced for 100 Mbps
Pg 172
802.11 n
New HT standard
802.11 p
Wireless Access in Vehicles
802.11 s
Wireless Distribution System-Mesh Networks
802.11 T
metrics
Pg 172
802.11 v
Wireless centralized control
802.11 w
Secure management frames
802.11 y
New frequencies
802.11 z
Direct Link Setup
802.11 aa
Robust audio and video streaming
Pg 175
Exam Essentials
Remember both the required data rates and supported data rates of
each PHY.
DSSS and FHSS require and support data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps. Other PHYs
offer a wider support for data rates. For example, OFDM and ERP-OFDM
support data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps, but only the rates of
6, 12 and 24 Mbps are mandatory. Please understand that data rates are speeds
and not aggregate throughput.
Explain the three vendor operational modes of ERP (802.11g) and the
consequences of each mode.
An 802.11g access point may be configured as B-only mode, G-only mode, or
B/G mixed mode. The three modes support different spread spectrum
technologies and have different aggregate throughput results.
Exam Essentials
Know the mandatory and optional technologies used in an ERP
WLAN.
ERP (802.11g) defines two mandatory PHYs, ERP-OFDM and ERPDSSS/CCK. The two optional PHYs are ERP-PBCC and DSSS-OFDM.
Explain the defined wireless security standards both pre802.11i and post-802.11i.
Before the passage of 802.11i, WEP encryption and either Open
System or Shared Key authentication were defend. The 802.11i
amendment calls for the use of CCMP/AES for encryption. For
authentication, 802.11i defines either an 802.1X/EAP solution or the use
of preshared keys.
Exam Essentials
Define the Inter-Access Point Protocol and why it was
originally proposed.
IAPP is a vendor interoperability roaming protocol that is
outlined in the 802.11F recommended practice.