NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Asisten fisiologi
Fakultas Kedokteran Unhas

Main Subject

1.
2.
3.
4.

Anatomy of CNS and PNS

Sensoric and Motoric Pathways
An Introduction to Reflex
Pathophysiology of LMN and UMN

Anatomy of CNS and PNS

Nervous System :
Central Nervous System (CNS)
a. Brain (Encephalon)
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem : Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
b. Spinal Cord (Medulla Spinalis)
Cervical, Thoracal, Lumbal,
Sacral, Coccygeal

Anatomy of CNS and PNS

Peripheral Nervous System

(PNS)
a. Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS)
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
b. Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Anatomically :
12 pairs of Cranial Nerves
31 pairs of Spinal Nerves

Brain (Encephalon)

Spinal Nerves
1. Autonomic
a. Sympathetic :
Thoracal & Lumbal
b. Parasympathetic :
Cervical & Sacral
2. Somatic

CRANIAL NERVES
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens

7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Accessory
12. Hypoglossal

Oh, Once One Take The Anatomy Final,

Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly

Olfactory Nerves (I)

Primary function : Special sensory (smell)

Optic Nerves (II)

Primary function : Special sensory (vision)

Oculomotor Nerves (III)

Trochlear Nerves (IV)
Abducens Nerves (VI)
Primary function : Motor (eye movements)

Trigeminal Nerves (V)

Primary function : Mixed (sensory & motor) to face

Facial Nerves (VII)

Primary function : Mixed (sensory & motor) to face

Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)

Primary function : Special sensory : balance & equilibrium
(vestibular branch) and hearing (cochlear branch)

Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)

Primary function : Mixed (sensory & motor) to head
and neck

Vagus Nerves (X)

Primary function : Mixed
(sensory & motor), widely
distributed in the thorax and
abdomen

Accessory Nerves (XI)

Hypoglossal Nerves (XII)
Primary function :
- N. XI : Motor to muscles of the neck and upper back
- N. XII : Motor (tongue movements)

Sensoric & motoric

pathway

Receptor
Sensoric/
Afferent

Center
Motoric/

Efferent

Effector

Sensoric pathway

Based on the location, the receptors

are divided into three parts :
1. Exteroceptor

Mekanoreceptor
Thermoreceptor
Chemoreceptor
Electromagnetic Receptor

2. Interoceptor
3. Propioceptor
4. Nosiceptor

Sistem saraf sensorik : sistem saraf yang membawa informasi dari

luar menuju sel saraf (SSP) informasi akan diolah di sistem
saraf dan selanjutnya respon yang diputuskan dihantar lewat saraf
motorik

Motoric pathway

It starts from motoric cortex to

effector.
Efferent nerve fibers :
1. Pyramidal Tract
2. Extrapyramidal Tract
Effector :
1. Glands
2. Muscles

Definisi Refleks

An automatic response to stimulus carried

out by simple network consisting of
reseptor, afferent (to CNS), and efferent
(from CNS) athway ending an effector
organ

Center of reflex

Reflex centers can be divided

into three main location :
1. Cortex
2. Brain Stem
3. Spinal Cord

Lengkung Refleks

A circuit that include a receptor, set of

afferent fiber, an integrating center,
efferent fiber, and effector organs

Reflex arc

Classification of Reflexes

Pathophysiology of
Upper Motor Neuron
(UMN) &
Lower Motor Neuron
(LMN)

CHARACTERISTICS
Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Lesion

Hyperreflex

Spastic

Non-atrophy

Pathological reflexes (+)

Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Lesion

Hyporeflex

Flaccid

Atrophy

Pathological reflexes (-)

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