Control Structure:

Loop
(Part 1)
Knowledge:
Understand the various concepts of loop control structure
Skill:
Be able to develop a program involving loop control structure

Loop Structure

Condition is tested first

TK1913-C Programming

Condition is tested later

Testing
Condition First
Step a
false

condition
true

Step x
Step y
Step n
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Testing
Condition First
Step a

condition

Step x
Step y
Step n
TK1913-C Programming

Testing condition
later
Step a
Step x
Step y
true

condition
false

Step n
TK1913-C Programming

Testing condition
later
Step a
Step x
Step y
true

condition
false

Step n
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How Loops are Controlled

Condition
Controlled

TK1913-C Programming

Sentinel
Controlled
Counter Controlled
1, 2, 3, 4,
, 4, 3, 2, 1
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Counter Controlled Loop

counter initialValue
false
test counter
value
true

Step x
Update counter
Step n

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Counter Controlled Loop

counter
counter
= initialValue
initialValue
false
test counter
value
true

Step x
Update counter
Step n

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Example:
Draw a flowchart for the
following problem:
Read 5 integer and display the
value of their summation.

Can you
identify the
input and
output???

Input :

5 integer
n1, n2, n3, n4, n5
Output: The summation of
n1, n2, .., n5

Input example: 2 3 4 5 6
Output example: 20
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start

Assume input example:

2 3 4 5 6

n1

Input n2

n2

Input n3

n3

input n4

n4

n5

sum

20

Input n1
This flowchart does
not use loop, hence
we need to use 6
different variables

input n5
sum n1+n2+n3+n4+n5
output sum
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end

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CounterAssume input
Controlled
example:
2 3 4 5 6
Loop

counter 1, sum 0

1
2
3
4
5
6

counter

14
20
0
2
5
9

sum
false

counter < 6

65
14<<<666
2
3

14
0 ++ 5
2
5
9
26
3
4

false
true
true

true
input n

2
3
4
5
6

sum sum + n

counter++

This
loop
Uses
only is
The
counter
counter-controlled
3 variables
Increases
by 1

output sum
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Decreasing Counter-Controlled Loop

counter 5, sum 0
false

counter > 0
true

input x
sumsum+ x
counter-output sum
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Example: Draw a flowchart for this problem;

Given an exam marks as input, display the
appropriate message based on the rules below:

If marks is greater than 49, display PASS,

otherwise display FAIL
However, for input outside the 0-100 range,
display WRONG INPUT and prompt the
user to input again until a valid input is
entered

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Assume
m=110
m=57
m=5

Condition-Controlled Loop
m

110
57
5

input m

WRONG INPUT
true
110
5
57
<<0<0||0||5||57
>100
110
>100
>100

m<0 || m>100
false

557
>Condition-controlled
49
> 49
loop with its condition
being tested at the end

true

m>49

PASS

false

FAIL

WRONG INPUT
FAIL
PASS

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input m
false

m<0 || m>100
true

WRONG INPUT

input m
Condition-controlled
loop with its
condition being
tested first
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true

m>49

PASS

false

FAIL
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Sentinel-Controlled Loop
Draw a flowchart for a
problem which:
Receive a number of
positive integers and
display the summation
and average of these
integers.
A negative or zero input
indicate the end of input
process
TK1913-C Programming

Can you
Input: A set of identify
integers the
ending with a
input and
negative integer or a zero
output???

Output: Summation and

Average of these integers

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Input Example:
30 16 42 -9

Sentinel
Value

Output Example:
Sum = 88
Average = 29.33

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Now
What have you
understand?

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Try to understand

What will
happen if this
statement is
deleted???

sum0

input x
false

x>0
true

input x
sumsum+x

input x
sumsum+x

What happened
if these 2
statements
exchange
places

display sum
TK1913-C Programming

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