3.

1 Paragraph Structure

3.2 The Topic Sentence

3.3 Paragraph Methods of

Development
There are basically four types of paragraph
methods of development in English
1. Linked chain
2. Reapeted Subject
3. Division
4. Hybrid

3.3.1 Linked Chain

Explanation or analysis. More common in methods and
results.
In the linken chain paragraf, a given to new information
pattern organizes the sence.
A
B
B

C
C

3.3.2 Repeated Subject

In this structure we use the topic from the last
sentence and explain in other sentences in the
same paragraph. This is a very effective
paragraph structure for emphasis, but it is not as
common as the other three structures
mentioned.

Repeated subject

Analysis

Although embedded text/captions

provide important information about the
image, it is not an easy problem to
reliably detect and localize text/caption
embbed in images. In a single frame, the
size of characters can change from very
small to bery big. The font of text can be
different. Text present in the same image
can have multiple colors. Text can occur
in a very cluttered background. For video
sequences, the text can be either sill or
moving in an arbitrary direction. The
same text may vary its size from frame to
frame, due to same special effects. The
background can also be
moving/changing, independent of the
text.

The paragraph begins with a

transition from the previous
paragraph wich introduces the
idea of the problem of finding
text in images. The topic of the
sentece, text, is used as the
repeated subject throughout the
paragraph, which creates
emphasis by repeating the same
structure. When the topic
changes slightly, in the last
sentence the transition word
also is used to help the reader
understand that the repeated
subject pattern is finishing.

3.3.2 Repeated Subject

3.3.3 Divison
This methods is often used in classification as
well as comparison and contrast paragraphs in
introduction sections.

Division

Analysis

Coal, the most abundant, widely distributed,

and economical fossil fuel, is a solid with
high carbon content but low hydrogen
content (usually less than 6 %). As a solid,
coal is not easily used as a ransportation
fuel. However, transportation fuels and
other chemicals may be derived from coal
through liquefaction. The two methods to
conver solid coal into liquid fuel are direct
liquefaction and indirect liquefaction. Direct
liquefaction, the most efficient route
currently available, with catalyst and a
hydrogen donor solvent at very high
temperature and presure, can convert coal
into artificial petroleum. In indirect
liquefaction, coal .

The paragraph is divided into two

parts. The first part describes direct
liquefaction, and the second desricbes
indirect liquefaction.

Some mistake in
DIVISION methods :
Forget use transition
Forget the second part
or the other part

3.3.4 Hybrid

3.4 Paragraph Structure

analysis

3.4.1 Level of Generality

Paragraph Analysis
Level

Explanation

A sentence that summarizes a previous paragraph, provides

background as way to introduce a new topic, provides a transition to
the new paragraph or controlling idea, or concludes the paragraph.

The most general sentence containing the main idea in the topic
sentence of the paragraph.

A more specific sentences that elaborates an idea in #1

An even more specific sentence that elaborates an idea in #2

An even more specific sentence that adds information to #3, #4, as

necessary

3.5 Paragraph Length

There is no set length for a paragraph. Paragraphs that
introduce a new section or that introduce an equation
may only be one or two sentence. However, most well
developed paragraph in journal articles are at least four
sentences in length. Generally speaking, in a two
column engineering journal articles, most columns will
have at least part of three paragraphs in each column.

3.6 Transition Signals

Transition signals clearly show the conections between
sentence, ideas, paragraphs, and even whole sections
of an article or dissertation. This concept includes some
of the writing tips that we have already mentioned but
also introduces other structure.
The function of Transition Signals :
1. To help show the Structure of Paragraphs
2. To help show the Structure of Entire Documents

3.6.1 Transitions Help Show the

Structure of Paragraphs

3.6.2 Transitions Help Show the

Structure of Entire Documents

3.6.3 Types of Transitions

1.
2.
3.
4.

Transition Word
Transition Phrase
Transition Clause
Transition Sentene

3.6.3.1 Transition word

This is a word which shows how to
sentences or paragraph are linked.

3.6.3.2 Transition Phrase

This is phrase that shows how two sentences or
paragraphs are linked. It explains how the following
sentence gives more information about the needs for
efficient browsing and retrieving of the previous one.

3.6.3.3 Transition Clause

This is a clause that shows how two sentences or
paragraphs are linked. It summarizes the previous
sentence or paragraph.

3.6.3.4 Transition Sentence

When the logical relationship between the paragraphs
is more complicated, writers use a sentence to indicate
how they are linked.

3.6.4 Chart of Transition Signals

Meaning/
Function

Sentence
Connector

Clause Connector

Coordinators
To Introduce a
similar additional

Also furthermore
in addition
moreover too

To compare
things

Also
Likewise
Similarly
too

To Introduce an
opposite idea,
and to contrast
things

However
In contrast
Instead
In/by comparison
nevertheless on
the other hand
on the contrary

Others
(adjectives, verb, and
Preposition)

Subordinators

And
Nor

Another an additional

And
Both X and Y
Neither X nor Y

As
Just as

As... As
Like/alike
Just like
Similar to
Be alike
Be similar

Although
Even though
Though
Whereas
while

Despite
In spite of
Compared to/with be
different(from) be
unlike differ (from)

But
Yet

Meaning/
Function

Sentence
Connector

Clause Connector

Others
(adjectives, verb, and
Preposition)

Coordinators Subordinators
To introduce an
example

For example
for instance

To emphasize

In fact,
Indeed,

To explain and
restate

That is

To introduce an
alternative

otherwise

To signal time

First, second,
third.
Then,
Next,
Now,
Last,
Finally,
After that,
Since then,

Such as like an
example of

Not only X
But also Y

or

If
unless
After
As
As soon as
Before
Since
Until
When
while

The first
The second
The next
Before
afterwards

Meaning/
Function

Sentence
Connector

Clause Connector

Others
(adjectives, verb, and
Preposition)

Coordinators Subordinators
To indicate order
of importance

Most importantly,
Significantly
primarily

To introduce a
cause or reason

To introduce an
effect or result

A more important
The most important
The primary

for

Accordingly
As a result
As a consequence
Consequently
Hence
Thus
therefore

Because
Since
as

Result from
Be the result of
Due to
Because of
The consequence of
The effect of
Have an effect on
The reason for
As a result of
As a consequence of

Meaning/
Function

Sentence
Connector

Clause Connector

Others
(adjectives, verb, and
Preposition)

Coordinators Subordinators

To conclude

In brief
In conclusion
In short
In summary

so

It is clear that X
We can see that X
The evidence
suggests that X
These examples show
that X