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Motor Listrik AC
AC motors convert AC electrical energy to Mechanical energy.

Chapter 13 AC Motors
AC motors:
1. the armature of rotor is a magnet (different to DC motors).
2. the stator is formed by electromagnets (like in DC motors).

Effects of AC Supply on Magnetic Poles

Consider the rotor to be a permanent magnet.
Current flowing through conductors energize the magnets and develop N
and S poles.
The strength of electromagnets depends on current.
First half cycle current flows in one direction.
Second half cycle it flows in opposite direction.

As AC voltage changes, the poles alternate.

Using AC Supply to Make an

Elementary Motor (1)
Consider the AC voltage at 0 degrees, then, no current will flow, and
there is no magnetism.

Using AC Supply to Make an

Elementary Motor (2)
As voltage increases, current starts to flow and electromagnets gain
strength and North and South poles appear.
(Use left hand rule to find poles).

The rotor magnet is pushed CW, and the rotor and motor starts to
rotate.

Using AC Supply to Make an

Elementary Motor (3)
When voltage decreases, the current decreases also, the
electromagnet loses the strength, and when V=0 there is no
magnetism.

Using AC Supply to Make an

Elementary Motor (4)
Now, AC voltage builds up as part of the negative cycle.
Then, current flows in opposite direction, and the magnets reverse
polarity.

Therefore, the CW rotation continues.

Using AC Supply to Make an

Elementary Motor (5)
This process is repeated over and over, as AC voltage goes through
its cycles, and we have continuous rotation.

AC Motor Rotation
picture

The whole

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Limitation of the Elementary

Motor
The initial position of the rotor determines the direction of the
motor rotation.
Indicate the rotation in the figures below:

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Practical AC Motor
By adding another pair of electromagnets the limitation mentioned
before is removed.
Two electromagnets = Vertical & Horizontal
Two phases with phase difference = 90 deg.

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Effect of Two Pole-Pairs

(Observe the pole rotation)

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Operation of the Practical AC

Motor
Fig. of page 124 shows a CCW rotation
Can you see it?

Magnetic Poles Revolve in AC

Motors

From the previous slide we can see that the poles rotate around the
circumference of the motor.
The rotor, no matter how it is positioned at rest, will be locked-in
with the magnetic field and will turn in one direction only.
(Same rotation as the poles).

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Phase Splitting Method (1)

So, two voltage sources with 90 degree phase connected
to electromagnets make the rotor turn.
Question is: Can we do the same using only one voltage
source?

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Phase Splitting Method (2)

The answer is yes!

Because we can use inductors and capacitors to produce
a voltage out of phase with the source!

Reactor Start AC Motor

(One phase + Inductor)

Two parallel branches connected to the power supply.

First branch: Start winding through a centrifugal switch.
Second branch: Run winding (through an inductor).
The current in the second branch lags the current in the first branch
(Remember ELI).
This phase difference makes motor work.

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Reactor Start AC Motor

The Centrifugal Switch

Capacitor Start AC Motor

(One phase + Capacitor)

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Here the capacitor provides the phase difference.

The difference is that the current in the star winding leads the
current in the run winding (ICE).
Similar effect as with the inductor, but it creates a motor with higher
starting power.
Refrigerators, compressors, air conditioners

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Three Types of Capacitor Start

Motors
1.

Capacitor Start (disconnects capacitor after motor

speed picks up)

2. Capacitor Run (Keeps the capacitor connected

during the operation of the motor, in order to keep the
electric power consumption low)

3. Capacitor Start-Run (uses two capacitors, one for

starting and one for running. This further improves
Power Consumption)

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Synchronous Speed
AC motors always rotate with the speed of their revolving magnetic
field.
The speed of the revolving poles is the maximum possible speed of
rotation of the motor.
It is called Synchronous Speed.

Motor Construction
The Stator
The stator forms a hollow cylinder with coils of insulated wire
inserted into slots of the stator core.
The coils, plus the steel core form the electromagnets.

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Motor Construction
The Rotor

There are two types of motor rotors:

The wound rotor

The squirrel cage

The wound rotor has coils of wire wound in the slots of the rotor
(Similar to generator coils).
The Squirrel cage consists of bars of copper or aluminum
electrically connected at each end with conducting rings.
As the rotor rotates inside a magnetic field, it receives
electromagnetic induction, then current flows and form the
rotor electromagnet.

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Types of Motor Enclosures

1.

ODP Open Drip Proof

2.

TENV Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilating

3.

TEFC Totally enclosed Fan Cooled

4.

XP Explosion Proof

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Types of Motor Enclosures

ODP Open Drip Proof
Air flows through motor (fan blades help flow)
Used in environments free from contaminants

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Types of Motor Enclosures

TENV Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilating
Protect motor from corrosive and harmful elements
Frame fins help to dissipate heat

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Types of Motor Enclosures

TEFC Totally enclosed Fan Cooled
Similar to TENV except has external fan for cooling

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Types of Motor Enclosures

XP Explosion Proof
Similar to TEFC but enclosures are cast iron

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Slip
Slip is associated with synchronous speed.
If the motor turned at the same RPM as the magnetic field, there
would be no relative motion between the rotor and the field.
Therefore, no current would be induced into the rotor, and no
magnetic field would exist.

Rotor speed < synchronous speed

Slip = synchronous speed rotor speed
% slip = ( Ns Nr / Ns ) 100

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Three Phase AC Motor

It has three pairs of electromagnets, connected to one of the three
phases of the power supply.
It provides a lot higher power that what single phase motor can
deliver.

AC Motor Data Plate

Each motor has a plate mounted on its frame, with electrical and
mechanical information.

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