Dynamic system simulation

Charging Capacitor
The capacitor is initially uncharged
There is no current while switch S is open (Fig.b)
If the switch is closed at t= 0 (Fig.c) the
charge begins to flow, setting up a current in the circ
uit, and the capacitor begins to charge
Note that during charging, charges do not
jump across the capacitor plates because the gap
between the plates represents an open circuit
The charge is transferred between each plate and its
connecting wire due to E by the battery
As the plates become charged, the potential
difference across the capacitor increases
Once the maximum charged is reached, the current
in the circuit is zero

Charging Capacitor (2)

Apply
Kirchhoffs
loop
circuit after the switch is closed

rule

to

the

Note
that
q
and
I
are
instantaneous
values that depend on time
At the instant the switch is closed (t = 0) the
charge on the capacitor is zero. The initial current
At this time, the potential difference from the battery
terminals appears entirely across the resistor
When the charge of capacitor is maximum Q, The charge
stop flowing and the current stop flowing as well. The V
battery appears entirely across the capacitor

Charging Capacitor (3)

The current is
equation

, substitute to voltage

The equation is called Ordinary Differential

Equation (ODE)
How to solve this equation? Solve mean we can
express the equation into q(t)=.

Solution of ODE
Using Deterministic Approach
Using Numerical approach:
1. Eulers method
2. Heuns method
3. Predictor-corrector method
4. Runge-kutta method
5. Etc.

Deterministic Approach
The current is
equation

, substitute to voltage

Integrating this expression

we can write this expression as

Deterministic Approach
If you integrate to obtain the solution, then
you use exact/deterministic method.
However in practical use, we often cannot
integrate the function directly.
The numerical approach is often preferable.

Numerical approach

Numerical approach (2)

Numerical approach (3)

Solution in Matlab
Using ODE solver (m-file)
Using Simulink

State space of charging capacitor

dq(t ) 1
1

q(t ) x Ax Bu

dt
RC
R
q(t ) [1]q(t ) [0] y Cx Du

State space in practical use

In practical use, the A matrix consists of many
states space x(t )
Simulating the power system is just solving the
differential equation of system states and
(sometimes) algebraic equation related to
load flow .
Normally we use states space in power system
simulation such as rotor speed, rotor angle,
Flux-linkage change, etc.

State space in practical use (2)

Example: state space of synchronous generator with PSS

x Ax

Order greater than 1 (n>1)

Suppose second order (n=2) equation
We need to write second order equation into n order
first order differential equation

These equations can be solved simultaneously

Homework 1: how to solve this equation for
a=b=c=1 using Matlab (use function: ode45)? With
all initial states are zero

Transformer Simulation
Equivalent circuit

Transformer Simulation (2)

Voltage Equation

The flux linkage per second

Mutual flux linkage

Transformer Simulation (3)

The current can be expressed as

Eqn. 4.29 is now

Collecting mutual flux linkage

Transformer Simulation (4)

Define

Eqn 4.33 can be expressed as

Transformer Simulation (5)

The flux linkage in integral form

Transformer Simulation (6)

Implementation in Simulink

Homework 2: Build this block in Simulink with all

initial values of flux linkage are zero

Rules for student

Maksimal terlambat 20 min
Tidak boleh titip absen
Tidak boleh menggunakan barang elektronik
kec berhubungan dengan kegiatan
perkuliahan

 All materials are posted at

http://husniroisali.staff.ugm.ac.id/