MOM2E Chap1

1.
Stress
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Review important principles of
statics
Use the principles to determine
internal resultant loadings in a
body
Introduce concepts of normal
and shear stress
Discuss applications of analysis and design of
members subjected to an axial load or direct shear
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
1. Stress
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction
Equilibrium of a deformable body
Stress
Average normal stress in an axially loaded bar
Average shear stress
Allowable stress
Design of simple connections
1. Stress
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Mechanics of materials
A branch of mechanics
It studies the relationship of
External loads applied to a deformable body,
and
The intensity of internal forces acting within the
body
Are used to compute deformations of a body
Study bodys stability when external forces are
applied to it
1. Stress
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Historical development
Beginning of 17th century (Galileo)
Early 18th century (Saint-Venant, Poisson, Lam
and Navier)
In recent times, with advanced mathematical and
computer techniques, more complex problems
can be solved
1. Stress
1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

External loads
Surface forces
Area of contact
Concentrated force
Linear distributed force
Centroid C (or
geometric center)
Body force (e.g., weight)
1. Stress

Support reactions
for 2D problems
1. Stress

Equations of equilibrium
For equilibrium
balance of forces
balance of moments
Draw a free-body diagram to account for all
forces acting on the body
Apply the two equations to achieve equilibrium
state
F=0
MO = 0
1. Stress

Internal resultant loadings
Define resultant force (FR) and moment (MRo) in 3D:
Normal force, N
Shear force, V
Torsional moment or torque, T
Bending moment, M
1. Stress

For coplanar loadings:
Normal force, N
Shear force, V
Bending moment, M
1. Stress

For coplanar loadings:
Apply Fx = 0 to solve for N
Apply Fy = 0 to solve for V
Apply MO = 0 to solve for M
10
1. Stress

Procedure for Analysis
Method of sections
1. Choose segment to analyze
2. Determine Support Reactions
3. Draw free-body diagram for whole body
4. Apply equations of equilibrium
11
1. Stress

Procedure for analysis
Free-body diagram
1. Keep all external loadings in exact locations
before sectioning
2. Indicate unknown resultants, N, V, M, and T
at the section, normally at centroid C of
sectioned area
3. Coplanar system of forces only include N, V,
and M
4. Establish x, y, z coordinate axes with origin at
centroid
12
1. Stress

Equations of equilibrium
1. Sum moments at section, about each
coordinate axes where resultants act
2. This will eliminate unknown forces N and V,
with direct solution for M (and T)
3. Resultant force with negative value implies
that assumed direction is opposite to that
shown on free-body diagram
13
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.1
Determine resultant loadings acting on cross
section at C of beam.
14
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.1 (SOLN)

Support Reactions
Consider segment CB
Free-Body Diagram:
Keep distributed loading exactly where it is on
segment CB after cutting the section.
Replace it with a single resultant force, F.
15
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.1 (SOLN)

Free-Body Diagram:
Intensity (w) of loading at C (by proportion)
w/6 m = (270 N/m)/9 m
w = 180 N/m
F = (180 N/m)(6 m) = 540 N
F acts 1/3(6 m) = 2 m from C.
16
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.1 (SOLN)

Equilibrium equations:
+
Fx = 0;
Nc = 0
Nc = 0
Fy = 0;
Vc 540 N = 0
Vc = 540 N
+ Mc = 0;
Mc 504 N (2 m) = 0
Mc = 1080 Nm
17
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.1 (SOLN)

Negative sign of Mc means it acts in the opposite
direction to that shown below
18
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.5
Determine resultant internal loadings acting on cross
section at B of pipe.
Mass of pipe = 2 kg/m,

subjected to vertical
force of 50 N and couple
moment of 70 Nm at
end A. It is fixed to the
wall at C.
19
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.5 (SOLN)

Support Reactions:
Consider segment AB,
which does not involve
support reactions at C.
Free-Body Diagram:
Need to find weight of
each segment.
20
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.5 (SOLN)

WBD = (2 kg/m)(0.5 m)(9.81 N/kg)
= 9.81 N
WAD = (2 kg/m)(1.25 m)(9.81 N/kg)
= 24.525 N
21
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.5 (SOLN)

Fx = 0;
(FB)x = 0
Fy = 0;
(FB)y = 0
Fz = 0;
(FB)z 9.81 N 24.525 N 50 N = 0

(FB)z = 84.3 N
22
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.5 (SOLN)

Equilibrium Equations:
(MB)x = 0;
(Mc)x + 70 Nm 50 N (0.5 m) 24.525 N (0.5 m)
9.81 N (0.25m) = 0
(MB)x = 30.3 Nm
(MB)y = 0;
(Mc)y + 24.525 N (0.625m) + 50 N (1.25 m) = 0
(MB)y = 77.8 Nm
(MB)z = 0;
(Mc)z = 0
23
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.5 (SOLN)

Equilibrium Equations:
NB = (FB)y = 0
VB = (0)2 + (84.3)2 = 84.3 N
TB = (MB)y = 77.8 Nm
MB = (30.3)2 + (0)2 = 30.3 Nm
The direction of each moment is determined
using the right-hand rule: positive moments
(thumb) directed along positive coordinate axis
24
1. Stress
1.3 STRESS
Concept of stress
To obtain distribution of force acting over a
sectioned area
Assumptions of material:
1. It is continuous (uniform distribution of matter)
2. It is cohesive (all portions are connected
together)
25
1. Stress
1.3 STRESS
Concept of stress
Consider A in figure below
Small finite force, F acts on A
As A 0, F 0
But stress (F / A) finite limit ()
26
1. Stress
1.3 STRESS
Normal stress
Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting
normal to A
Symbol used for normal stress, is (sigma)
z =
lim Fz
A 0
Tensile stress: normal force pulls or stretches

the area element A
Compressive stress: normal force pushes or
compresses area element A
27
1. Stress
1.3 STRESS
Shear stress
Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting
tangent to A
Symbol used for normal stress is (tau)
zx =
zy =
lim Fx
A 0
lim Fy
A 0
A
28
1. Stress
1.3 STRESS
General state of stress
Figure shows the state of stress
acting around a chosen point in a
body
Units (SI system)
Newtons per square meter (N/m2)
or a pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m2)
kPa = 103 N/m2 (kilo-pascal)
MPa = 106 N/m2 (mega-pascal)
GPa = 109 N/m2 (giga-pascal)
29
1. Stress
1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
Examples of axially loaded bar

Usually long and slender structural members
Truss members, hangers, bolts
Prismatic means all the cross sections are the same
30
1. Stress
Assumptions
1. Uniform deformation: Bar remains straight before
and after load is applied, and cross section
remains flat or plane during deformation
2. In order for uniform deformation, force P be
applied along centroidal axis of cross section
31
1. Stress
Average normal stress distribution
+ FRz = Fxz
dF = A dA
P = A
P
=
A
= average normal stress at any
point on cross sectional area
P = internal resultant normal force
A = x-sectional area of the bar
32
1. Stress
Equilibrium
Consider vertical equilibrium of the element
Fz = 0
(A) (A) = 0
=
Above analysis
applies to members
subjected to tension
or compression.
33
1. Stress
Maximum average normal stress

For problems where internal force P and xsectional A were constant along the longitudinal
axis of the bar, normal stress = P/A is also
constant
If the bar is subjected to several external loads
along its axis, change in x-sectional area may
occur
Thus, it is important to find the maximum
average normal stress
To determine that, we need to find the location
where ratio P/A is a maximum
34
1. Stress
Maximum average normal stress

Draw an axial or normal force diagram (plot of
P vs. its position x along bars length)
Sign convention:
P is positive (+) if it causes tension in the
member
P is negative () if it causes compression
Identify the maximum average normal stress
from the plot
35
1. Stress

Average normal stress
Use equation of = P/A for x-sectional area of a
member when section subjected to internal
resultant force P
36
1. Stress

Axially loaded members
Internal Loading:
Section member perpendicular to its longitudinal
axis at pt where normal stress is to be
determined
Draw free-body diagram
Use equation of force equilibrium to obtain
internal axial force P at the section
37
1. Stress

Axially loaded members
Average Normal Stress:
Determine members x-sectional area at the
section
Compute average normal stress = P/A
38
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.6
Bar width = 35 mm, thickness = 10 mm
Determine max. average normal stress in bar when
subjected to loading shown.
39
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.6 (SOLN)

Internal loading
Normal force diagram

By inspection, largest
loading area is BC,
where PBC = 30 kN
40
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.6 (SOLN)

Max. Average normal stress,
PBC
30(103) N
= 85.7 MPa
BC =
=
(0.035 m)(0.010 m)
A
41
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.8
Specific weight st = 80 kN/m3
Determine average compressive stress acting at
points A and B.
42
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.8 (SOLN)

Internal loading
Based on free-body diagram,
weight of segment AB determined from
Wst = stVst
43
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.8 (SOLN)

+ Fz = 0;
P Wst = 0
P (80 kN/m3)(0.8 m)(0.2 m)2 = 0

P = 8.042 kN
44
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.8 (SOLN)

Average compressive stress
Cross-sectional area at section is:
A = (0.2)m2
8.042 kN
=
(0.2 m)2
= 64.0 kN/m2
45
1. Stress
1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
Shear stress is the stress component that act

in the plane of the sectioned area.
Consider a force F acting to the bar
For rigid supports, and F is large enough, bar
will deform and fail along the planes identified
by AB and CD
Free-body diagram indicates that shear force,
V = F/2 be applied at both sections to ensure
equilibrium
46
1. Stress

Average shear stress over each
section is:
V
avg =
A
avg = average shear stress at
section, assumed to be same
at each pt on the section
V = internal resultant shear force at
section determined from
equations of equilibrium
A = area of section
47
1. Stress
Case discussed above is example of simple or

direct shear
Caused by the direct action of applied load F
Occurs in various types of simple connections,
e.g., bolts, pins, welded material
48
1. Stress

Single shear
Steel and wood joints shown below are
examples of single-shear connections, also
known as lap joints.
Since we assume members are thin, there are
no moments caused by F
49
1. Stress

Single shear
For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and
bonding surface between the two members are
subjected to single shear force, V = F
The average shear stress equation can be
applied to determine average shear stress
acting on colored section in (d).
50
1. Stress

Double shear
The joints shown below are examples of doubleshear connections, often called double lap joints.
For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and
bonding surface between two members
subjected to double shear force, V = F/2
Apply average shear stress equation to
determine average shear stress acting on
colored section in (d).
51
1. Stress

Internal shear
1. Section member at the pt where the avg is to be
determined
2. Draw free-body diagram
3. Calculate the internal shear force V
1. Determine sectioned area A
2. Compute average shear stress avg = V/A
52
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.10
Depth and thickness = 40 mm
Determine average normal stress and average
shear stress acting along (a) section planes a-a,
and (b) section plane b-b.
53
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN)

Part (a)
Internal loading
Based on free-body diagram, Resultant loading
of axial force, P = 800 N
54
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN)

Part (a)
Average stress
Average normal stress,
P
800 N
= 500 kPa
=
=
A
(0.04 m)(0.04 m)
55
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN)

Part (a)
Internal loading
No shear stress on section, since shear force at
section is zero.
avg = 0
56
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN)

Part (b)
Internal loading
+
Fx = 0; 800 N + N sin 60 + V cos 60 = 0
Fy = 0;
V sin 60 N cos 60 = 0
57
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN)

Part (b)
Internal loading
Or directly using x, y axes,
+
Fx = 0;
N 800 N cos 30 = 0
Fy = 0;
V 800 N sin 30 = 0
58
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN)

Part (b)
N
692.8 N
=
= 375 kPa
=
A
(0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60)
59
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN)

Part (b)
V
400 N
avg =
= 217 kPa
=
A (0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60)
Stress distribution shown below
60
1. Stress
1.6 ALLOWABLE STRESS
When designing a structural member or

mechanical element, the stress in it must be
restricted to safe level
Choose an allowable load that is less than the
load the member can fully support
One method used is the factor of safety (F.S.)
Ffail
F.S. =
Fallow
61
1. Stress
1.6 ALLOWABLE STRESS
If load applied is linearly related to stress

developed within member, then F.S. can also
be expressed as:
fail
F.S. =
allow
fail
F.S. =
allow
In all the equations, F.S. is chosen to be greater than 1,

to avoid potential for failure
Specific values will depend on types of material used
and its intended purpose
62
1. Stress
1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS
To determine area of section subjected to a

normal force, use
P
A=
allow
To determine area of section subjected to a shear

force, use
V
A=
allow
63
1. Stress

Cross-sectional area of a tension member
Condition:
The force has a line of action that passes
through the centroid of the cross section.
64
1. Stress

Cross-sectional area of a connecter subjected to
shear
Assumption:
If bolt is loose or clamping force of bolt is unknown,
assume frictional force between plates to be
negligible.
65
1. Stress

Required area to resist bearing
Bearing stress is normal stress produced by the
compression of one surface against another.
Assumptions:
1. (b)allow of concrete <
(b)allow of base plate
2. Bearing stress is
uniformly distributed
between plate and
concrete
66
1. Stress

Required area to resist shear caused by axial load
Although actual shear-stress distribution along rod

difficult to determine, we assume it is uniform.
Thus use A = V / allow to calculate l, provided d and
allow is known.
67
1. Stress

When using average normal stress and shear stress
equations, consider first the section over which the
critical stress is acting
Internal Loading
1. Section member through x-sectional area
2. Draw a free-body diagram of segment of
member
3. Use equations of equilibrium to determine
internal resultant force
68
1. Stress

Required Area
Based on known allowable stress, calculate
required area needed to sustain load from
A = P/allow or A = V/allow
69
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.13
The two members pinned together at B. If the pins
have an allowable shear stress of allow = 90 MPa,
and allowable tensile stress of rod CB is
(t)allow = 115 MPa
Determine to nearest
mm the smallest
diameter of pins A
and B and the
diameter of rod CB
necessary to support
the load.
70
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.13 (SOLN)

Draw free-body diagram:
P
800 N
= 500 kPa
= =
A (0.04 m)(0.04 m)
No shear stress on section, since shear force at
section is zero
avg = 0
71
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.13 (SOLN)

Diameter of pins:
2.84 kN
VA
6 m2 = (d 2/4)
AA =
=
31.56
10
=
A
Tallow 90 103 kPa
dA = 6.3 mm
6.67 kN
VB
6 m2 = (d 2/4)
AB =
=
74.11
10
=
B
Tallow 90 103 kPa
dB = 9.7 mm
72
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.13 (SOLN)

Diameter of pins:
Choose a size larger to nearest millimeter.
dA = 7 mm
dB = 10 mm
73
1. Stress
EXAMPLE 1.13 (SOLN)

Diameter of rod:
6.67 kN
P
6 m2 = (d 2/4)
ABC =
=
58
10
=
BC
3 kPa
115
10
(t)allow
dBC = 8.59 mm
Choose a size larger to nearest millimeter.

dBC = 9 mm
74
1. Stress
CHAPTER REVIEW
Internal loadings consist of

1. Normal force, N
2. Shear force, V
3. Bending moments, M
4. Torsional moments, T
Get the resultants using
1. method of sections
2. Equations of equilibrium
75
1. Stress
CHAPTER REVIEW
Assumptions for a uniform normal stress

distribution over x-section of member ( = P/A)
1. Member made from homogeneous isotropic
material
2. Subjected to a series of external axial loads
that,
3. The loads must pass through centroid of
cross-section
76
1. Stress
CHAPTER REVIEW
Determine average shear stress by using

= V/A equation
V is the resultant shear force on crosssectional area A
Formula is used mostly to find average
shear stress in fasteners or in parts for
connections
77
1. Stress
CHAPTER REVIEW
Design of any simple connection requires that

Average stress along any cross-section not
exceed a factor of safety (F.S.) or
Allowable value of allow or allow
These values are reported in codes or
standards and are deemed safe on basis of
experiments or through experience
78

MOM2E Chap1

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1.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1.1 (SOLN)

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1.1 (SOLN)

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1.1 (SOLN)

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1.1 (SOLN)

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Mass of pipe = 2 kg/m,

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1.5 (SOLN)

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1.5 (SOLN)

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1.5 (SOLN)

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

(FB)z 9.81 N 24.525 N 50 N = 0

EXAMPLE 1.5 (SOLN)

EXAMPLE 1.5 (SOLN)

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Tensile stress: normal force pulls or stretches

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

Examples of axially loaded bar

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Average normal stress distribution

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Maximum average normal stress

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Maximum average normal stress

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Procedure for Analysis

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Procedure for Analysis

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

Procedure for Analysis