Safety Aspects

Accidents can be defined as any occurrence

which results in or interferes with the orderly
progress of activity
Millions of industrial accidents occur every year
in the world.
Accidents may cause injury/deaths of people
thousands in number every year.
Study shows that 98% of these accidents can
avoided.
Only 2% can not be pre assessed.

 The cost of accidents can not be expressed in

term of money only.
It also affects the individual and his family.
It has very big social impact also.
After the accident the mental attitude of the
person also changes.

Losses Due To Accident

Direct losses
Indirect losses
Direct Losses:
These are losses to the employer ,which he
pays to the worker as compensation.
Employer also pays for medical expenses
incurred on the worker.
These losses are measured in terms of money.

Indirect losses:
Loss of time of injured person.
Loss of time of his fellow worker.
Loss of time of supervisors:
In assisting the injured worker.
In investigating the cause of accident.
In preparing the report of accident.
In making alternative arrangement.
In selecting and training the new worker.

Loss due damage caused to the machine.

Loss of production.
Loss due reduction in efficiency of the worker.
Loss due to reduction in efficiency of the other
workers due to fall in their morale.

Losses to the injured worker

loss of his income source.
Loss due to medical expenditure.
Pain felt by the worker ,which can not be
compensated.

Causes Of Accidents
Accidents due to dangerous machines:
These accidents occurs from boilers , pressure vessels,
prime movers, transmission system.
Due to unsafe physical conditions:
It includes improper guards , improper illumination ,
improper ventilation , unsafe clothing etc.
Due to moving objects:
Some times moving objects /falling objects causes
accidents.
Personal factors:
Like lack of knowledge, physical weakness , age etc.

 Un safe Acts:
It is violation of commonly accepted safe
procedures.
Working at unsafe speeds.
Loading M/C beyond its Capacity.
Not using Safety Devices.
Adopting unsafe procedure.

 Electrical Causes:
Do not providing proper protecting devices.
Not obeying proper instructions.
Not following Safety precaution.
Failure to use insulated tools and rubber
gloves.
Not using proper and insulated tools.

 Exposure to harmful substances:

like toxic gases, fumes, dust, vapor , mist and
aerosols.
Fatigue: Some causes are:
Repetition of the same work again and again.
Velocity of wheels.
Whirling of hammers.
High speed at which m/cs and tools are moving.
Different types of vibrations and sounds.

Working Condition
Working Condition Means:
Illumination.
Humidity.
Air ventilation.
Temperature Control.
If you are working in a good working condition
your efficiency will increases.

 Bad working conditions decreases

efficiency.
This may leads to:
Physiological Fatigue.
Mental Fatigue . ie. feeling of boredom.
Decreased Efficiency.
Less production.
Increase in cost of the product.

the

Mental Environment
A worker working in an atmosphere of badly
ventilated and hot condition and fatigue . He
will not taking interest in the work. His
efficiency will decrease.
A good working condition will be helpful in
increasing the efficiency of the worker . He
will be ready to perform his duties.

Illumination
Poor illumination reduces the speed of work
and results in strain on eyes and causes more
accidents.
Light should come from the right and desired
direction.
In artificial lights glare is most common defect,
it causes harms to eyes, it also causes strain
and headache . Spoilage of work also increase
due to glare.

Hours Of Work
The working hours should be uniformly
distributed over the week.
A worker should get at least one weekly
holiday, so that he can return on work with
fresh mind .
Five minutes break during every one hour of
working will keep the worker fresh.

Noise And Vibrations

In studies it has been found that too much sound
and vibrations are one of causes of mental fatigue
and reduces the efficiency of the worker.
Noise can not be completely stopped for a
running m/c but it can be reduced to a level
which is not harmful . This can be achieved by
enclosing the source of noise . Too much noise
can also affects the hearing intensity of the
worker.
Noise and vibrations can be kept under control by
proper and periodical maintenance of the m/c.

Plant Layout/Shop Layout

By proper plant/shop layouts the nos of
accidents can be reduced to some extent.
Movement of the products becomes easy.
In the well planned layout shops/plants the
working efficiency is always found to be
better.
The layout should be such that the material
handling becomes easy and safe.

 A well design concern must look pleasing.

It should be kept neat and clean.
Doors and windows should be properly
colored.
Walls should be white washed.
Atmosphere should look cheerful.
In such concerns the efficiency will increase.

Preventive Measures.
Safety:
By providing proper safeguards to the m/cs,
accidents can be prevented , some guards are
permanent fabricated and some are attached
temporarily.
Fencing:
M/cs and its parts should be fenced when
they are not properly provided with
safeguards.

 All boilers and other pressure vessels must be

kept in proper condition .Their safety pressure
valves, water gauges, pressure gauges should
be checked regularly.
Hoists, Cranes and lifts must of sound
construction. They must be tested periodically
Physical Condition: sufficient illumination and
ventilation. Floors should be free from
oiliness. Floor should be kept clean.

 Special clothing for the protection of body ,

such as apron , goggles, gloves etc. Loose
clothing should be a cause of accident.
Repair work on a m/c s should not be done
when it is running.
All the tools should be kept at proper place.
Chips should be removed by hand.
Workers should be properly trained.

 Fire hazard:
The inflammable materials should be kept
away from general store at a proper distance
(minimum 20 meters). Fire extinguishers
should be properly maintained.

 Electric accidents :
Electrical insulation should be checked
regularly. Proper tools for testing and repairs
should be used. Power should be switched off
while repairing. Insulated tools should be
used.

Safety Education And Training.

There should be proper facilities to impart
training in safety measures.
Safety Posters , Safety Films , Safety contests
and suggestions.
These may be helpful in creating awareness in
the workers.
The workers should take upmost care while
doing risky jobs.

Plant Safety Programmes

For effectiveness of the safety program in a
plant , it is necessary to identify the causes of
accidents, study them and take effective steps
to stop them . The following areas should be
covered:
Plant Layout.
House keeping.

 Maintenance of Equipments.
Protective equipment requirement.
Separate Safety department with proper
communication system.
Fire fighting facilities.

Safety Factors

These can divided into following categories:

Equipment related factors.
Work Area related factors.
Environmental factors.
Equipment related factors :
Are taken care by manufacturers now a days.

Work area related factors

Machines should be installed at the place
where the operator has easy approach.
Sufficient space should be left around the
revolving m/cs.
Switching panel should be within reach of the
operator.
Area should be neat and clean. Oiliness should
not be there.

Working Environment factors

It is the single biggest factor affecting safety
aspect.
It varies from organization to organization.
Depends upon type of industry.
It is very difficult to provide ideal environment
but effort should be made in this direction.
The ideal environment conditions are:

Ideal Environment Conditions

Temperature: In winter
20-22 oC
In summer 21-24 oC
Humidity: 25-50 % relative Humidity.
Noise:
Conversation from a distance
of one meter should be easily
possible without extra efforts.
Ventilation: 0.6 cubic meter of fresh air per
man or proper exhaust.

Lifting of load
Instead of mechanical equipments availability
still many material handing works are being
carried out manually.
A man can easily lift about of 22kg of load.
A woman can easily lift about 16 kg of load.
To avoid injury to workers (specially old
workers) care should be taken in this regard.
The material should be kept at certain height.

Chemical Safety
Many of process & manufacturing Industries
are using the various chemicals in one or the
other forms.
These chemicals are hazardous mainly for
their toxicity, flash point below 100 oF., their
reactions and their decomposition under heat.
A Safe practice should be adopted for receipts
, storage, handing and disposal of these
chemicals and other hazardous material.

 The use of Exhaust hoods , Air filtering , Air

monitoring may help in this cause.
Safety equipments may help the workers from
these hazardous materials and environmental
accidents.
These equipments are: Hard Hates for
construction workers, safety goggles for
factory workers, shields for welders, safety
shoes, protective clothing's for repairs

Safety precautions for operators

The following safety precautions should be
strictly followed by the equipment operators:
Always remain alert.
In proper physical and mental condition.
Always wear right clothing for the job.
Wear safety glasses , gloves ,footwear , hard
hats etc.

 Do not wear ties , rings or watches which can

be attracted by moving objects.
Keep your hands away from moving parts
(fans , v-belts & drive shafts).
Give warning to your nearby people that you
are about to start up your equipment.
Must follow the maintenance precautions
suggested by the manufacturer and laid down
in the operators manual.

 Before operating make sure that you know the

equipment signals flags , signs & marking and
place of first aid and any assistance in case of any
accident.
Keep the inside of the cab tidy.
Keep wind screen, mirrors and lights clean.
Clean any grease, oil of hand rails , foot steps etc.
Never allow un qualified people to operate your
m/c.

 Always keep a safe speed as per working

conditions.
While towing another piece of equipment
never proceed at high speeds.
Follow traffic rules.
Never smoke when refueling and always stop
engine.

 Never use a naked flame to inspect a battery

or any leakage.
Always use proper tools.
The tools should be free from dirt, grease and
oil.
Tools should be properly maintained and
should not be dropped near working area.

 A sufficient safety clearance should be kept

from electrical aerial lines.
During any excavation work precise position
of buried cable should be determined first.
While not using buckets ,mold board ,boom
etc. is to be put on ground.
All the equipment should be well maintained
& kept in good working condition.

 Guards and covers be opened when the power

trains does not run.
Maintenance work must be done when
equipment is at rest.
Cranes and other m/cs must not be over loaded.
Operator should be aware that what other
equipment is in operation in the nearby area.
Always park or place the equipment on the level
area and away from traffic.

 While operating a crane avoid sudden lifting

or breaking.
Diesel or petrol engines operated equipments
must not be run in confined or poorly
ventilated areas.
Wire ropes should be daily checked for broken
strands and excessive wear.

 Always lower the load to the ground before

leaving the crane.
Avoid short cut methods.
Always employ a skilled/trained operator.
Use proper tools in proper way.

 Develop safety consciousness through regular

meetings , films , demonstrations etc.
Always keep first aid boxes with adequate
medicines and should be placed at well known
place.
Fire fighting equipments be always kept in
good and working condition.

 Guards and railing should be provided where

necessary.
Before working on hydraulic system , make
sure that hydraulic pressure is released.
Precautions taken always helps in preventing
the accidents.
Always follow the orders of your supervisor.

Safety During Waiting (for Mobile

Equipment)
Park the m/c on a firm leveled surface.
Apply the breaks and gear.
Align the attachment with the centre line of
the machine.
Keep all control levers at dead centre.
Shut down the engine.
Relieve the pressure in the hydraulic system.
Lock the cabin door.

Maintenance of wire rope

A good wire rope will be having following
qualities:
Resistance to breaking.
Resistance to abrasion.
Resistance to crushing.
Resistance to bending fatigue.
Ropes are not suitable for operating where
shock are frequent.

 Reliability and long life of wire rope depends

to large extent on proper handling and careful
storage.
When not in use the rope should be arranged
in coils or reels with proper application of
anti-corrosive coating.
The turns in the coil should be parallel and not
cross each other , avoiding twisting or bending
of ropes.

 While cutting the rope , either side of the

portion to be cut should be wound with wire
to keep the strand intact and cutting be done
with the help of chisel and hammer after
placing it on a rail or any other steal section.
While installing a new rope, the instrument
should run without load for short time to
equalize the tension through out and tighten
and fastened ends of the rope.

 Proper maintenance of wire rope leads to greater

life.
The operator must take care of the following
factors:
Sudden shocks.
Excessive load.
Rust.
Corrosion.
Friction free, by keeping it thoroughly lubricating.

 The wire rope be kept clean , as the sand ,dirt

etc. coming on its contacts causes heavy
abrasion.
Heavy lubricants should be used in summer ,
while lighter ones in the winter.
Sieves of the machine should regularly be
checked as worn and out of alignment sieves
result under wear on the rope.

Safety Legislation

Various legislations are:

Indian Standard Institute (ISI).
The Factories Act 1948.
Indian Explosive Act 1884.
Mines Act 1934.
Indian Boilers Act 1923.
Workmens Compensation Act 1923.
Indian Electricity Act 1910.
Petroleum Act 1934.

Indian Standards Institute

To assure safety to workers and elimination
of damage to machinery and equipments , ISI
has done commendable job. It lays down:
Safety precautions to be taken during working.
Requirement for effective maintenance of
tools and equipments.
Guide lines on safe welding and cutting.
Guide lines on use of powered industrial
trucks, belt conveyers and fire equipments.

 Standards and specifications of safe industrial

operations and practices.
Safety requirements for personal protective
equipments.
Safety procedure to be followed in electrical
works and use of electrical appliances.
Specifications for protective clothing ,safety
helmets , face shields , eyes & ear protectors
,lungs , hands , feet and legs.

Workmens compensation Act,1923.

It is an Act to provide the payment by certain
classes of organizations to their workmen as
compensation for injury by accident during
duty.
Definition: Under this Act following are some
of the important definitions :
Dependent: A wife, a minor legitimate son
and unmarried legitimate daughters or a
widowed mother (unemployed).

 Partial Disablement: This disablement is of

temporary nature and the earning capacity is
reduced due to disablement is of permanent
nature . List of injuries resulting in Partial/
permanent disablement is given in the schedule I
provided in the Act.
Total Disablement: Means such disablement of
permanent/temporary nature , which make the
worker incapable of doing any work of the nature
he was doing at the time of accident.

 Wages: This includes any privilage or benefit

which is capable of being estimated term of in
money other than that a travelling allowance
or any other contributions paid as towards
pension etc.
Workman: It means any person(other than
casual worker) who is employed as specified in
schedule II of Act earning Rs 1000/-or more
P.M.

Employers liability for Compensation

If a personal injury is caused to a workmen by
accident when on duty, his employer shall be
liable to pay compensation in accordance of this
Act except than in following cases:
If the injury make worker disable for less than
three days.
In respect of any injury not resulting to death,
caused by an accident which is directly attributed
to: (a) The worker was found under the influence
of any drink/drugs.
(b) worker not following the safety provisions.

Amount Of Compensation:
It will depend upon following factors:
The pay the concern worker.
Extent Of injury.
The Act divides the injuries in four headings:
Causing Death,
Permanent total disablement,
Permanent partial disablement and
Temporary disablement.
The Amount to be paid can be found with the help of
schedule IV of the Act.

The Indian Factories Act 1948.

This act have defined the provision in the
following areas:
Health.
Safety .
Welfare of workers and staff.
Working hours.
First aid.
Fire extinguishers.

1.Health
This covers the provisions of maintaining the
health of the workers and reducing the
possibilities of accidents. Under this:
Cleanliness:
Every factory should be kept clean and free from
gases arising from various processes and drain
etc. For this purpose the following steps are
needed:
The dust and refuse shall be removed daily by
sweeping from the floors and benches of
workrooms , staircases and passages.

 The floor of every workroom shall be cleaned at

least once in every week by washing , using
medicated fluids, where necessary.
Effective means of drainage shall be provided and
maintained.
All inside walls ,partitions , ceilings of rooms and
passages should be painted or whitewashed as
per requirement and without fail as and when
needed at least once in 14 months.

Ventilation Temperature
Effective and suitable provisions shall be made for
securing and maintaining adequate ventilation by
circulation of fresh air in the working rooms.
Fresh air fans and exhaust fans should be used.
The walls and roofs of the work place should be
made of such material and so designed that the
temperature shall be kept as low as practicable .
If possible white tiles may be provided on the
roof and outside walls of the work place.
Hot parts of the m/c shall be properly insulated.

Artificial Humidification and

overcrowding
If there is an artificial humidification done in the
work place , it shall be of prescribed standard
and created by the prescribed methods.
The water used for such humidification shall be
clean and free from dirt and oil etc.
No room of work place should be overcrowded.
For this at least 350 cu.ft. or 9.9 cu.m. of space
for every worker is must.( before the Act.) and
500 cu.ft. or 14.2 cu.m ( after the Act.)

Lighting
Sufficient and suitable lighting whether
natural or artificial or both shall be maintained
at the work place and passages.
All glazed windows and skylight shall be kept
clean on both inner and outer surfaces.
Glare and formation of shadows should be
prevented to avoid eye strain or risk of
accident.

Drinking Water and Bath Rooms

Drinking water should be made available to all
workers at all work places and at all working
hours.
All such points should be marked Fresh/cold
Drinking Water in an easy language.
Cool water arrangements should be made in hot
weather.
If the work in the factory is of such nature which
involves dirt, a sufficient number of bath rooms
should be provided for the workers.

Latrines and Urinals

Separate enclosed accommodation for male and
female worker shall be provide.
These places should properly lighted and ventilated.
Should be kept clean and maintain good sanitary
conditions.
Minimum one latrine for 20 workers.
There should be one urinal for every 50 male workers.
Sufficient Spittoons shall be provided at proper places
and they should be cleaned regularly.

2. Safety provisions
Following important provisions for safety are
there in the Act:
(A ) Fencing of Machinery: Following items shall
be fenced properly.
(a) Every moving part of a prime-mover , and
every flywheel should be properly fenced.
(b) Head Race and Tail Race of every Turbine.
(c )Every part of a Generator, motor, rotary
convertor etc.
(d) Every part of transmission machinery.

 (B) Work on or near machinery in motion:

Work should be carried out by specially
trained adult male workers wearing tight
fitting cloths. No women or young person
allowed to clean , lubricate , or adjust any
part of prime-mover , when it is motion.
(C) Devices for cutting off power from running
m/c in emergency should be provided.

 (D) Casing Of Machinery:

In all the m/cs driven by power every set
screw, bolt, key on the revolving shaft,
spindle, wheel or pinion shall be so sunk,
encased or otherwise effectively guarded as to
prevent danger.
Every toothed or friction gearing shall be
completely encased.

 (E) Hoists & Lifts:

Every Hoist and lifts shall be of good
mechanical construction and of adequate
strength.
These shall be marked with Maximum and
safe working load.
They shall be properly maintained and
examined regularly.

 Every hoist and lift way shall be sufficiently

protected by an enclosure fitted with gates.
Hoist and lifts used for carrying persons shall
have at least 2 ropes or chains separately
connected with the cage and balance weight.
Each rope or chain with its attachment shall
be capable of carrying the weight of the cage
together with its maximum load.

 (F) Lifting m/cs ,chains , ropes and lifting tackles:

All parts including the working gears , lifting
machines , chains , ropes or lifting tackles shall
be of good construction and adequate strength.
These shall be properly maintained and examined
at least once per year.
Lifting m/c means crane, crab, winch , pulley
block etc.

 (G) Revolving machinery:

A notice shall be affixed to every grinder
indicating the maximum safe working
peripheral speed of every grind stone or
abrasive wheel.
The speed of shaft or spindle upon which the
wheel is mounted.

 (H) Excessive Weights:

No person shall be employed in the factory to
lift, carry or move any load beyond limit set by
the Act.
Only Adult men or women shall be doing this
job.
No child shall be put on such jobs.

 (I) Protection Of Eyes:

The workers engaged in the job of welding
and cutting the metals with electric or gas
flame shall use screens and goggles.
Felting, rivet cutting, removal of scales or
dressing of metals or stone are other works
which can cause harm to the eyes.
Any chemical process which can harm the
eyes.

 (J) Precaution Against dangerous fumes:

No person shall enter or be allowed to enter
any chamber, tank, pit, pipe, flue pipe or
other confined space in which dangerous
fumes are likely to be present.
Portable electric lights above 24 watts shall
not be permitted to such confined space.

 Any person shall be allowed to enter in such

place after the measures have been taken to
remove the fumes.
A certificate of this respect should obtained from
competent person based on the test carried on
himself.
The worker should be wearing breathing
apparatus and a belt securely attached to a rope
the free end of which is held by a person standing
outside the confined space.

 (K) Precautions Against Fire:

Every factory shall be provided with the means of
escape in case of fire.
Fire fighting team should be well trained.
The team should be well equipped with the
proper equipments.
All the equipments should be kept in ready
condition.

 Exit doors shall not be locked during working

hours.
Every window, door, other exit affording
means of escape in case fire shall be marked
in simple language.
Fire alarms shall be provided for fire warning
and be kept in working order.
A free and safe passage shall be provided in
case the fire can not be overcome.

3.Welfare Provisions
Washing Facilities: Adequate and suitable
facilities for washing shall be provided separately
for male and female workers and maintain for
their use.
Suitable place for keeping the clothing not worn
during working hours and for the drying shall be
provided.
Sitting Facilities: Suitable arrangement for sitting
shall be made and maintained for all the workers,
who works in standing position.

 First Aid Appliances: Proper First aid facilities

shall be provided at proper place.
Canteen: A canteen or canteens shall be
provided in every factory where 250 or more
workers are working.
Shelter, Rest rooms, Lunch Rooms: In every
factory with more than 150 workers, adequate
and suitable above mentioned facilities shall
be provided with drinking water etc.

 Crches: In every factory employing more

than 30 female a crche shall be provided.
It should be used where the children below
the age of 6 years can be kept and taken care.
Welfare Facilities: Welfare officer shall be
employed in every factory employing more
than 500 workers. The govt. may prescribe the
duties, the qualification and condition of
service and number of such officer.

4. Working Hours
(A) Hours Of Work:
No adult worker shall be required or allowed
to work in a factory for more than 48 hours in
a week.
Not more than 9 hours per day.
No worker shall work for more than 5 hours
without an interval of at least 30 minutes.

 The period of shall be so arranged that it shall

not spread over more than 10.5 hours in a day
inclusive of rest period.
Chief Inspector may increase this period for 12
hour( for specified reasons in writing).
This time has to be compensated by paying
overtime amount as per norms.

 Holidays:
No adult worker shall be required or allowed to
work in a factory on Sunday, unless he has or will
have a holiday for a whole day on one the 3 days
immediately before or after the Sunday.
It means no worker shall work for more than 10
days continuously without a holiday.
All the national holidays will be an off day for
workers.

 Overtime Wages :
When a worker works for more than 9 hours
in a day or for more than 48 hours in a week ,
he/she shall be entitled to wages @ of twice
his /her ordinary wages for over time period.
Here ordinary wages means the basic wages
plus such allowances as the worker is entitled
but do not includes the Bonus.

 Restriction On Double Employment :

No worker shall be allowed to work in any
other Factory.
Employment for Women:
According to Act no female worker shall be
allowed to work in any factory beyond 6 A.M.
to 7 P.M.
State Govt. mat change this limit but no
employment between 10 P.M. to 5 A.M.

5. First Aid
Instead of various safety measure the accidents
can not be completely avoided . Hence necessary
First Aid provisions shall made in every factory
near work areas.
A first Aid Box must be provided in the charge of
some responsible person, who must be always
available and he should a trained person
preferably a compounder.
The workers as human being, are entitled to
every consideration at the hands of the
management.

Content Of A First Aid box:

In a factory of 50 or more workers.
24 small sterilized dressings.
12 medium size sterilized dressings.
12 large size sterilized dressings.
10 gms packets of sterilized cotton wool.
01 snake bite lancet.
01 pair of scissors.
12 large size burn dressing.

 Two 25 gms bottles of potassium

permanganate crystals.
One 100 gms bottle of 2% alcoholic solution.
One 100 gms bottle of salvolative having the
dose and made of administration indicated on
the label.
One copy of First Aid leaflet.
12 rolled bandages 10 cm wide.

12 rolled bandages 5 cm wide.

02 rolls of adhesive plaster.
06 triangular bandages.
02 packets of safety pins.
A supply of suitable splits.
One townquet.
Eye drops.

First Aid Treatment For Electric Shock

If the casualty is in contact with, or in close
proximity to the live apparatus or line , DO
NOT TOUCH him until the electric supply has
been isolated.
Switch off electric supply.
If not possible protect yourself with DRY
insulating material and pull or push the
casualty clear of the apparatus or line.

 Then asked for qualified medical assistance ,

and in the mean time , give the casualty first
aid treatment as follows:
(a) Make the casualty as comfortable as
possible. By loosen any tight clothing.
Give tactful reassurances .
DO NOT give any liquid to drink.

 If the casualty has stopped breathing:

Mouth to mouth breathing must be started
immediately.
Clear the throat of fluid or any other item by
sweeping around the mouth with finger.
Place the head in the extended neck position.

 Close the nostrils by pinching lightly with

thumb and fore finger.
Keep a deep breath and then make an air tight
seal with your mouth over the casualty mouth
and breath into the casualty. Watch the chest
size.
Remove your mouth , and watch the chest fall.
Repeat above 12 times.

 If mouth to mouth respiration is not possible

or practical , use Holger Nielsen Method.
Lay the casualty face downwards , head to one
side, forehead resting on the hands , placed
one over the other.
Remove any artificial teeth or other matter
from the mouth.
Kneel on one knee by the casualty's head, one
foot by the casualty's elbow.

 Place the palm of your hands on the casualtys

shoulder blades .Lean forward until your arms are
vertical. Press lightly with a force of about 10-14
kg. for about 2.5 secs.
Release the pressure by allowing your hands to
slide along the casualtys arm to his elbow , then
raise the casualtys arm and shoulders slightly,
pulling at the same time by facing your self
backward . Lower the casualtys arm and return
your hands to casualtys shoulder blades.
Repeat this process 5 times.

6. Fire Extinguisher
The following types of fire extinguishers
should be kept in working conditions:
Water type: (a) Water (gas cartridge type) and
(b) Water (stored pressure type)
Foam Type: (a) Chemical Foam Type and
(b) Mechanical Foam type.
Carbon dioxide type.
Dry powder type.

Engineering Insurances
In order to cater the needs of engineering
industries , different insurance covers are
available.
These covers will take care of big damages to
m/cs due to accidents.
Group insurance schemes for workers, staff and
officers should also be taken by the organizations.
Engineering Insurance covers may be machinery
erection insurance or machinery breakdown
insurance.