AC MOTOR

OVERVIEW
AC motor characteristic
Type
Three phase

Induction

1-5000

Rotor

Stator

Squirrel cage

Three phase
armature
windings

Applications
Simple, rugged
construction; very
common; fans, pumps.

Wound field

Adjustable speed using

rotor resistance; cranes,
hoist.

1-5

Permanent
magnet

Precise speed; transport

sheet materials.

1000-50000

Dc field
winding

Large constant loads

Induction

1/3 -5

Squirrel cage

Main and
auxilliary
windings

Several types: split phase ,

capacitor start, capacitor
run, many household
applications; fans, fridge.

Synchronous

1/10 or less

Reluctance
or hysteresis

Armature
windings

Low torque, fixed speed;

timing applcations

Synchronous

Single
Phase

Power
Range (hp)

3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Three phase induction motor is the most widely used AC motor.
This type of motor could be found in many applications with power

rating more than 5 hp.

3-phase induction motor consists of two major parts:

Stator: made up of numbers of slots to construct a 3 phase winding circuit

which is connected to 3 phase AC source. The three phase windings are
arranged in such a manner in the slots that they produce a rotating magnetic
field after AC is given to them.
Rotor: consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots that can carry
conductors. Conductors are heavy copper or aluminum bars which fits in
each slots & they are short circuited by the end rings. The slots are not
exactly made parallel to the axis of the shaft but are slotted a little skewed
because this arrangement reduces magnetic humming noise & can avoid
stalling of motor.

3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Working Principle of Three Phase Induction Motor

The stator of the motor consists of overlapping windings offset phase angle
of 120. When the primary winding or the stator is connected to a 3 phase
AC source, it establishes a rotating magnetic field which rotates at the
synchronous speed.
Emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of magnetic flux
linkage through the circuit. As the rotor windings in an induction motor are
either closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end ring,
and cut the stator rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor
copper bar and due to this emf a current flows through the rotor conductor.
Here the relative velocity between the rotating flux and static rotor
conductor is the cause of electric current generation; hence the rotor will
rotate in the same direction to reduce the cause i.e. the relative velocity.

3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor speed should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the

stator so that there wil be relative velocity.

The difference between the stator (synchronous speed) and rotor
speeds is called the slip. The rotation of the magnetic field in an
induction motor has the advantage that no electrical connections need
to be made to the rotor.
The characteristics of Three Phase Induction Motor are:
Self-starting.
Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of
commutators and brushes that may cause sparks.
Robust in construction.
Economical.
Easier to maintain.

3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Synchronous speed in rpm is given by

120 f
ns
P
For a P-pole machine, the field rotates at angular velocity of

P/2

Which is the synchronous angular velocity.

3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The frequency of the voltages induced in the rotor conductors depends

on the rotational speed of the stator field relative to the rotor and the
number of poles.
In induction motor, the mechanical speed varies from zero to almost
synchronous speed.
The slip, s is defined to be the relative speed as a fraction of
synchronous speed.

s m ns nm
s

s
ns

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The single phase system is normally used for lightning and general

purposes in homes, offices, shops and small factories.

Like any other electrical motor asynchronous motor also have two main
parts namely rotor and stator.

Stator: A single phase ac supply is given to the stator of Single phase

induction motor.
Rotor: The rotor is connected to the mechanical load through the shaft. The
rotor in single phase induction motor is of squirrel cage rotor type.

The advantages of single phase system are:

More economical
Simple in construction
Cheaper
The power requirement in most of the houses, shops, offices are small, which
can be easily met by single phase system.

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Working Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor

When single phase ac supply is given to the stator winding of single phase
induction motor, the alternating current starts flowing through the stator or
main winding.
This alternating current produces an alternating flux called main flux. This
main flux also links with the rotor conductors and hence cut the rotor
conductors.
According to the Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, emf gets
induced in the rotor. As the rotor circuit is closed one so, the current starts
flowing in the rotor. This current is called the rotor current.
This rotor current produces its own flux called rotor flux. The main flux and
rotor flux produce the desired torque which is required by the motor to
rotate.

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The differences between single phase and three phase induction motor:

Single phase induction motors are simple in construction, reliable and

economical for small power rating.
The power factor of Single phase induction motors is lower.
For same size, the single phase induction motors develop about 50% of the
output as that of three phase induction motors.
The efficiency of Single phase induction motors is less as compare it to the
three phase induction .

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
The stator of synchronous motor has the same construction as the

stator of a 3-phase induction motor.

In a synchronous motor, the set of stator windings is called the
armature.
The rotor of a synchronous motor is a P-pole electromagnet with field
windings that carry dc currents.
The field current can be supplied from an external dc source through
stationary brushes to slip ring mounted on the shaft.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
For synchronous motor having two poles, these poles when energised,

produces a rotating magnetic field, which can be assumed that the poles
themselves are rotating in a circular manner.
They rotate at a synchronous speed .
If the rotor poles met the same stator poles i.e the north pole in the
stator repels the north pole of the rotor. Also the south pole of the
stator repels the south of the rotor.
This makes the rotor to rotate in anti-clockwise direction.
Half a period later, the stator poles interchange themselves, thus
making them get aligned with unlike poles that attract each other. i.e.
the South Pole of the stator & the North Pole of the rotor gets attracted
and get magnetically interlocked.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Working principles of synchronous motor:

When the motor is supplied with a.c. power supply, the stator poles get
energised. This in turn attracts (opposite) the rotor poles, thus both the
stator and rotor poles get magnetically interlocked. It is this interlock which
makes the rotor to rotate at the same synchronous speed with the stator
poles. The synchronous speed of rotation is given by the expression
Ns=120f/P.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Comparisaon between induction and synchronous motor:

Induction Motor

Synchronous motor

Speed

The speed falls with

oncrease in load for a
given frequency..

The speed constant

irrespective of load for a
given frequency.

Power factor

Lagging power factor;

maybe low at light loads.

Operate over wide range

of power factor.

Starting requirement

Self-starting

Not self-starting

Excitation requirements

Nil

DC excitation for rotor

Cost

Higher efficiency for

speed above 600 rpm.
Simple construction and
cheaper.

Costly and complex motor

construction. High
efficiency for low speed
drive below 300 rpm.