May be attributed to external and cultural influences

and ethnic diversity within the Philippine itself. The

external influences were derived from Malay roots
and Chinese, Indian, Spanish, and American cultures.

(Southern Illinois University)

Said that groups are essence of

life in society. The groups which
we belong help to determine our
goals and values, how we feel
about ourselves, and even how
we feel about life itself.

Is defined as a unit, which

consists of individuals who
interact with each other in
accordance with rules and
positions existing between
them. Groups may range
from a two-person
group(dyad), three-person
group(triad), to a group of
hundreds.

Consists of individuals who temporarily share the

same physical space but who do not see themselves
as belonging together.
EXAMPLES:

People walking on the same sidewalk

Drivers parked at the same red light

Consists of people who have similar characteristics.

Examples:

all males over 6 feet tall

college females who wear glasses

Unlike groups, the individual who make

up a category neither interact with one
another into account.

 Consists of people who

share a culture and a

territory.
is the most largest and

most complex group

that sociologists study.
The values, beliefs and
cultural characteristics of
a society profoundly
affect the smaller groups
within it.

a Sociologist who viewed group

as a buffer between the individual
and the larger society.

Anomie a condition of society in which people become

detached or cut loose from the norms that usually guide their
behavior.

Charles H. Cooley
classified group into primary groups and secondary

groups.
According to Cooley, primary groups are characterized by
intimate face-to-face association and cooperation.
also known as spring of life because it molds our basic
perceptions and ideals.

Ferdinand Tonnies
German Sociologist who put forward the concept
of Gemeinschaft (close communal relationship) and
Gesselschaft (impersonal relationship) societies.

Primary groups are essential to an individuals emotional well-being. Human

have an intense need for ongoing, cooperative, face-to-face associations that
provide feelings of self-esteem. Primary group are uniquely equipped to meet
the basic needs of belonging, being appreciated, and being loved.

 considered as the basic primary group. The spontaneous and

mutual give and take between the family members and the
individual provide pleasant experiences and memories so that the
family becomes a source of affection and emotional security.

 play group
Neighborhood
Ones friendship or peer group
Gangs
Immediate schools
Cliques

Are larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and

impersonal. Such groups are based some interest or activity, and their
members are likely to interact on the basis of specific roles, such as
president, manager, worker, or student.

Christopher Doob
defined in-group as any group characterized by a strong sense of
identification and loyalty and the exclusion of non-members.

Examples
barkada

Fraternities
church choir
Homeowners association
Lions Club
Rotary
Soroptimist

Is composed of people who do not belong to ingroup; they are outsiders who are viewed with
hostility ad even contempt by the in- group
members.

Margaret Anderson
defined reference groups as
generalized version of role models and are not
groups in the sense that the individual interacts
within (or in) them. The reference group need not
be the group where a person actually belongs to; it
may include a group which one aspires. Each
individual has many reference group, which may
include his family, the members of his church, his
neighbors, teachers, classmates, co-workers.
Reference groups exert tremendous influence

over peoples behavior.

are the ties radiate outward from the self and link

people together. It is a circle of acquaintances

nurtured and considered valuable usually for career
advancement.
Are hard to break into, and some perpetuate social
inequalities, and for this reason people cultivate
alternative networks among business groups like
Tupperware, Avon, Sarah Lee, the First Quadrant and
Legacy where networking is very much apparent.

1.

The members interact with each other over some period of time.
Through communication, they affect and influence each other.

2.

Each member identifies with the group and is recognized as part of

the group by other members.

3.

The members are entitled to certain privileges and at the same time
they are expected to accept certain responsibilities.

4.

There is a specialization in their roles carried out by the members of

group. Some lead, others follow.

5.

Members communicate in terms of common cultural symbols.

Groups vary in their sizes ranging from two persons up to the entire
population. A small group may be a dyad (two persons), a triad (three
persons), or collectivity of 20 to 30 individuals. Other groups include
organization, communities, and societies.

Georg Simmel
a German Sociologist found that the mere
difference between two and three people produces entirely
different group behavior. Thus, the size of any group affects
the degree of interaction in a group. Greater interaction is
expected in a group with fewer members than with a larger
group of people.

Irving Janis
a sociologist who coined the term
Groupthink to refer situation in which a group of
people think alike and any suggestion of
alternative becomes a sign of disloyalty, the
group having decided that there is but one
corresponding answer.
Groupthink is not inevitable when a team
gathers to make a decision, but it is common
and it appears in all sorts of groups, from
student discussion groups to the highest
councils of power.

Prepared by;

Lea P. Selda
B.S. Accountancy