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Atomic Structure
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PA11045
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PA11024
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History of
developmen
t of Atomic
Structure
John Dalton
1803
JJ Thompson
1897
Rutherford
1912
Niels Bohr
1913
James Chadwick
1932
There is Nucleus
Develop atomic model
Electrons orbiting the shell
Discovered the neutron in 1932.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
An atom is the smallest particle that has the properties of the element. Each atom is made up of three things:
Ball shaped center called the nucleus which contains the protons (P+) and the neutrons (N).
Around this nucleus, there are electrons
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Chemical reaction: Tendency of atom to lose and gain electron.
Anion (negatively charges) gain electron
Cation ( positively charges) lose electron
190
oNucleon number of an element is the total number of proton and neutrons in the nucleus of its atoms.
oNeutron number of an element is the total number of nucleon subtract the total number of proton.
oTo find number of neutron
N=Mn
N = number of Neutrons
M = atomic Mass
n = atomic number
190 76 = 114
12 6 = 6
14 6 = 8
Figure 1
Figure 2
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1) Ionic Bonding
Occurs between + and - ions.
An ionic bond is formed when an atom loses or gains one or more electrons from its
outer shell
Requires electron transfer.
Example: NaCl
Na (metal)
unstable
Cl (nonmetal)
unstable
electron
Na (cation)
stable
Coulombic
Attraction
Cl (anion)
stable
2) Covalent Bonding
similar electronegativity share electrons
bonds determined by valence s & p orbitals dominate bonding
Highly directional type of bonding.
Binding energy & melting temperature very high (diamond) to very weak (polymeric material)
Example: CH4
CH 4
shared electrons
from carbon atom
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e-,
needs 1 more
H
H
shared electrons
from hydrogen
atoms
3) Metallic Bonding
Sea of valence electrons floating on ion cores
Non-directional (bonds form in any direction) atoms pack closely.
Binding energy & melting temperature
(wide range)