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NEED OF DIVERSITY
Building
Building
Building
In a typical cellular radio environment, the communication between the cell site
and mobile is not by a direct radio path but via many paths.
The direct path between the transmitter and the receiver is obstructed by buildings
and other objects. Hence the signal that arrives at the receiver is either by
reflection from the flat sides of buildings or by diffraction around man made or
natural obstructions.
When various incoming radiowaves arrive at the receiver antenna, they combine
constructively or destructively, which leads to a rapid variation in signal strength.
The signal fluctuations are known as multipath fading.
Echo Broadband proprietary
DIVERSITY TECHNIQUE
Diversity techniques have been recognised as an effective means which
enhances the immunity of the communication system to the multipath fading.
GSM therefore extensively adopts diversity techniques that include
Interleaving
In time domain
Diversity techniques
Frequency Hopping
In Frequency domain
Spatial diversity
In spatial domain
Polarisation diversity
In polarisation domain
Echo Broadband proprietary
Transmission
media 1
Information
Receiver
Transmission
media 2
Peak
Combining
Combined signal
fed to receiver
Signal 2
Signal 1
Signal Strength
Combined signal
Signal 1
Signal 2
Tim e
Signal strength
Time
Echo Broadband proprietary
Vertical Separation
Horizontal Separation
Separation
Horizontal Separation
d/
900MHZ 1800MHZ
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3.3m
1.7m
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Vertical Separation
d/
900MHZ 1800MHZ
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5.7m
2.8m
Angular dependence
Angular dependence reflects the dependence of the performance of a diversity
antenna system on the angular position of a mobile relative to the boresight of
the antenna.
Horizontally separated antenna system has high dependence on the mobiles
angular position. The effective separation reduces as the mobile moves away
from the antenna boresight. As the mobile is 90 off the antenna boresight, the
effective separation becomes zero. In such a case, the signals from two
antennas are very likely coherent which will then lead to a deterioration of the
diversity performance.
Echo Broadband proprietary
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ANGULAR DEPENDANCE
Reduced
Separation
Separation
Zero
Separation
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Disadvantages
High angular dependence. The impact is however marginal for sectorised
applications.
Require sizeable headframe on the supporting structure.
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Disadvantages
Require large separation for low values of correlation.
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Receive 1
Transmit
15
Receive 2
Tx Rx
Duplexer
Receive 2
Transmit
Echo Broadband proprietary
Receive 1
16
17
Slant 45
H/V
Echo Broadband proprietary
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19
TX RX
RX
RX
T R
RX
T R
T R
TX RX
TX RX
TX
Echo Broadband proprietary
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