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Air Conditioning

Comfort Factor
Oxygen supply
Temperature
Relative humidity
Air movement
Air Condition System
In some parts of the world, summer conditions are uncomfortable for long period and winter
conditions are most cool and humid.
In warmer latitude air-conditioning is necessary to provide comfort through both cooling and
humidity control
In summer air-conditioning is normally required to reduce both temperature and humidity, while
in winter it may be necessary to supply heat, while adding or removing moisture.
Generally, the flows of air required for temperature and humidity control are much greater than
those needed for ventilation and elimination of odours. To prevent excessive running costs, a
Large proportion of the room air is recirculated through the air-conditioning system

Air Conditioning Load


The air-conditioning load on a zone may be considered in two parts: the sensible heat load which
is defined as the energy added per unit time which increases the dry bulb temperature: and the
latent heat load which defined as the energy added per unit time due to the enthalpy of water
vapour added at the prevailing dry bulb temperature.
If moisture is added as liquid (as in a spray or mist) the latent heat load includes the enthalpy of
evaporation of the water.
The sensitive heat gains are due to heat transfer through the fabric, including solar radiation, plus
internal gains from people, lighting, machinery etc. The latent heat gains are mainly due to the
occupants of the zone.
On the psychrometric chart, sensible heat load appear as a lines of constant moisture content
(horizontal), while latent heat loads lie along lines of constant dry bulb temperature (nearly
Vertical). The line joining the inlet and outlet state points for the zone is called the Room
Condition Line

Typical Room Condition on a Psychrometric Chart


Below is a typical room condition

Latent heat load


Total heat load = sensitive heat load + latent heat load

The room ratio line 1-2 is given by equation below

Summer Air Conditioning System


Figure below shows a conventional air-conditioning system for summer

Air re-circulated from the room is mixed with fresh air and then cooled to reduce both its
temperature and moisture content. It is then reheated to bring it to the desired condition for
return to the room. The mixing box mixes air at states 2 and 3 to give a mixture at state 4. It can
be shown that for adiabatic mixing, point 4 lies on a straight line joining 2 and 3, according to
the following relationship for dry air flows:

Summer Air Conditioning System

In the cooling coil the air undergoes sensible cooling and dehumidification. Point A (previous
slide)is called the apparatus dew point. The moist air leaving the coil is at some intermediate state
5, and point 5 and A would only coincide if the coil surface were infinitely large.

To define the efficiency of the cooler a term is introduced as coil bypass factor and is give as below

This is sometimes defined in terms of a contact factor which is given by equation below

Winter Air Conditioning System


Figure below show schematic arrangement for winter air-conditioning system.

In winter the building fabric generally loses heat, and this is only partially offset by solar radiation
and internal sources. The latent gain from occupants is unchanged. This gives a negative slope to
the room line as shown above.
Depending on outside temperature, air from the mixing box may be cooled or heated before
passing through a washer, the purpose of which is to add moisture to the air. If this process is
adiabatic (it usually is) humidification occurs at constant enthalpy, and approximately to a line of
constant wet bulb temperature.
As an alternative, humidification may be by steam injection. In this case the enthalpy of the steam
contributes to the sensible heat load and reduces the amount of reheat required. In this case there
Is no washer dew point (as at point A) and point 6 approaches point 7. The enthalpy at 6 is then given by

Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.

Air at 20oc, 50% saturated is cooled to 5oC under ideal conditions. Calculate the change
in specific humidity in the process
A duct carries 2 m3/s of air at 30oC dry bulb , 20oC wet bulb. Determine the mass flow
rate of dry air in the duct, and the mass flow rate of humid air.
Determine the heat required (per kg of dry air) to raise air at 14oC, 100% saturated, to
35oC. What is the percentage saturation at the end of the process?
3m3/s of air at 32oC, 90% saturated, is cooled to 15oC and then reheated to 32oC.
Determine the following
1.
2.
3.

The rate of heat transfer in the cooler


The reheat power
The rate at which condensate is removed from the cooler

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