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EQUATIONS
BUM2133
LECTURER: ROZIEANA BT KHAIRUDDIN
019-9661379
Lesson Objective:
4x2 2 y
x y
d2 f
df
4
x
cos 2 x
2
dx
dx
is a PDE, why?
is a ODE, why?
Cont..
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
( IV & DV )
f f
4x2 2 y
x y
df
dg
4x
cos x
dx
dx
d2 f
df
4
x
cos 2 x
2
dx
dx
Cont..
THE ORDER OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
f f
4x2 2 y
x y
is a first-order PDE
d2 f
df
4
x
cos 2 x
2
dx
dx
is a second-order ODE
d f
df
4
x
cos 2 x
2
dx
dx
d f
3
dx
3
df
4 x
cos 2 x
dx
Cont..
LINEAR AND NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
f f
4x2 2 y
x y
dx
dx
4
0
dt
dt
3 f
2
4
x
2y
2
xy
d 2x
dx
x
4sin t
2
dt
dt
dx
sin x 0
dt
dy y 2 3x
dx x 1 3 y
d 2 y dy
x 2 xy 0
dx
dx
dy 2
y 1 C , where C is a constant
dx
N 2 N 1 N
2
kN , where k is a constant
t
r
r r
Cont..
HOMOGENEOUS AND NONHOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
2 f
0 ,
xy
dx
4 x 0 and
dt
dx
(sin t ) x 0
dt
4x2 2 y
x y
d 2x
dx
t
4 sin t and
2
dt
dt
d2 f
df
4
x
cos 2 x
2
dx
dx
Cont..
HOMOGENEOUS AND NONHOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
Now, do this exercises
2
d 2s
ds
m 2 ( ) T mg
dt
dt
V
dTW
AUTW AUTin
dt
d dQ
A dt
)Q gh
Cont..
Introduction
When we solve algebraic eqn, we expect the solution to be a number
eg
4x 9 7
1
x
2
eg
x3 5x 2 8x 12 0
x is one of a set of three real or complex number.
For DE, the solution of a DE is therefore, not a single value
(Or one from a set of values) but a function (or a family of function).
Cont..
General and Particular Solutions
Integrate the differential equation
dy
2x
dx
y x2 C
d2y w
(lx x 2 )
2
2
dx
Cont..
General and Particular Solutions
Find the unique solution of DE
y(1) 4
dy
3x 2 which satisfies the condition
dx
y x3 C
y x 3 C 4 13 C
C 3
3
and the particular solution is y x 3
Cont..
Boundary and Initial Condition
dy
2
3x
Find the unique solution of DE dx
which satisfies the
condition y(1) 4
Additional conditions on the solution of a DE are called
boundary conditions. In the special case in which all the
boundary conditions are given at the same value of the
independent variables the boundary conditions are called
initial conditions.
Cont..
Boundary and Initial Condition
2
d 3x
d 2x
dx
x
3
0
2
dt
dt
dt
1 d 3x 2 d 2x
dx
x
2
t dt 3
dt
dt
1/ 2
x 0 0,
t 4 x 0
2
dx
0 1, x 2 0
dt
BC
dx
d2y
x 0 0,
0 U , 2 0 0
dt
dx
IC
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Separable Equations
Separation of variables is a technique commonly used to solve first-order
ODE. It is so-called because we rearrange the equation to be solved such that all
terms involving the dependent variable appear on one side of the equation, and
all terms involving the independent variable appear on the other. Integration
completes the solution.
dy
x2 y3
dx
dx
4 xt ,
dt
x0
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Separable Equations
1.
a.
dy 3x 2
dx
y
b.
dx
4 xt
dt
Solution
1 2
3
y
x
C
a. 2
ln x 2t 2 C
b.
x e 2t
Ae2t
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Separable Equations
2.
dy
y 2 (1 x) 0,
dx
dx t 2 1
,
x(0) 2
dt x 2
x 2 (1 y)
y(1) 1
a.
dy e x
dx
y
b.
dy 3x 2
y
dx e
c.
dy 6 sin x
dx
y
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Separable Equations
Answer :
a. D 2e x
b. y ln( x 3 e)
y2
c. C 6 cos x
2
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
But, some DE,
while not being in separable form, can be
Separable
Equations
transformed, by means of a substitution, into separable
equations.
For example :
dx
2
t
x
xt ,
a)
dt
2
t 0, x 0
b)
dx t x 2
dt t x 3
c)
dx
4t 2 4 xt x 2 2
dt
Cont..
1.4 First-Order Ordinary
Differential Equation
Objectives :
Determine and find the solutions
(for case initial or non initial value
problems) of exact equations.
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Exact Equations
Some first-order DE are of a form (or can be manipulated into a form) that is
called EXACT.
How to define an EXACT EQUATIONS?
M x, y
dy
o Let dx
N x, y
o By definition ;
Equation
(1)
M x, y dx N x, y dy 0
(2)
u x, y , so then
du M x, y dx N x, y dy
(3)
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Exact Equations
u
u
du
dx
dy
then
x
y
u
M,
o Then compare (4) with (3), therefore x
(4)
u
N
y
(5)
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Exact Equations
o Since
u x, y is a continuous function,
2u
2u
then yx xy
(6)
Or
M N
u u
that is represent y x
y x x y
(7)
M N
o y
x will proved that
M x, y dx N x, y dy 0 is an EXACT EQUATION.
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Exact Equations
Example 1 :
Define whether below equations are EXACT EQUATION or not
dx
2
2
xt
x
2t 0
a)
dt
d)
x2 1
xydx dy 0
2 y
b)
y 2 dx x 2 dy 0
e)
1 y dx 1 x dy 0
c)
2x 3 y dx 6xy 2 y dy 0
2
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Exact Equations
Solution : 1.(a)
dx
x 2 2t 0
dt
2 xtdx x 2 2t dt 0
2 xt
u
u
2
N
2 xt ,
M
2
t
Then
and
x
t
2u
u
2u
u
M 2x
and t x t x t N 2 x
xt x t x
M N
Since x t , therefore this DE is an EXACT EQUATION.
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Exact Equations
How to solve this EXACT EQUATION?
u
M
o Remember that
x
u
N
and
y
(8)
(9)
(10)
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Exact Equations
Example 2:
dx
2
2
xt
x
2t 0 by using
Find the solution of
dt
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Exact
SolutionEquations
:2
u
M x 2 2t
t
(2.1)
and
u
N 2 xt
x
(2.2)
2t t
u x2t t 2 x
(2.3)
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Exact Equations
u
2. Differentiate equation (2.3) with respect to x, to get x ,
x 2t t 2 x
x
u
2 xt x
x
u
2 xt
x
, then x 0 and x C .
(2.4)
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Exact Equations
Therefore, u x t t C .
2
4.
x 2t t 2 D where D k C
or
D t2
x
t
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Linear Equations
dx
p(t ) x q(t )
dt
How to solve first-order linear DE?
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Linear Equations
1. Rearrange the equation to be in the form of
dx
p(t ) x q(t ) .
dt
(1)
2. Get
p(t )
and solve
p dt .
t e
(2)
4. Rearrange the equation in the form
d
x q
dt
(3)
x q dt
(4)
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Linear Equations
Note : Remember that
ln f x
f x ,
For example :
ln t
for f x 0
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Linear Equations
Example :
Solve the differential equation
dx
t
t 4x e 0 .
dt
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Linear Equations
Solution :
1.
dx
t 4 x et 0
dt
dx 4 x et
dt t
t
2.
4
p t
t
and
4
p dt t dt
4ln t ln t 4
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Linear Equations
d
x q
4. dt
t
d 4
4e
t x t
dt
t
d 4
t x t 3e t
dt
pdt
4
dt
t
ln t 4
t4
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Linear Equations
d 4
3 t
t
x
t
e
dt
5.
t 4 x t 3et dt
1 3 6 6 t c
x 2 3 4 e 4
t t
t
t t
Cont..
Elementary Analytical Solution Methods :
Linear Equations
Exercises :
Find the solutions of the following initial-value
problems:
dx
t
1 x 0,
1. dt
2
x 2 2
dx
2t 2 x 1 0,
2. dt
x 0 0
Solution:
question 1
dx
t2
1 x 0,
dt
question 2
x 2 2
dx
2t 2 x 1 0,
dt
dx
p(t ) x q (t )
dt
dx 1
1
2 x 2
dt t
t
p (t )
q (t )
pdt
1
t
d
4) rearrange to be in the form,
x q
dt
1
1
d 1t
e xe t 2
dt
t
5) solve the integration, x qdt
1
t
1
t
1
e x e 2 dt
t
1
t
f x
dx e f x c
1
t
1
t
1
t
e x e c x 1 e c
applying the condition x(2) 2
1
2
2 1 e c c
1
e
1
1
t
2
x 1 e e
pdt
4tdt
4t 2
2t 2
2
e 2t
pdt
d
x q
dt
1
Therefore, e 2 dt e t c
t
2) Find the
e 2t x e 2t 2t dt
f ' x e
we know that,
1
t 1
1
2
dt
t
dt
t
1
t
pdt
3) Evaluate the integrating factor, =e
2) Find the
x 0 0
1
2
x 1 e
1
2
1 1
t 2
we know that,
f ' x e
f x
dx e f x c
e 2t
c
2t dt
2
2
Therefore, e
2 t 2
2
e 2t
1
e x
c x e 2t c
2
2
applying the condition x(0) 0
1
1
0 e0c c
2
2
2 1
2
1
1
x e 2t x 1 e 2t
2
2
2
2
2 t 2
dx
p(t ) x q(t )
dt
Cont..
A
Cont..
B
m
1
tanh 1
gK
2
Cont..
C
Cont..
D
Answer: T=82.5C
Cont..
E
Answer: i 1.2
1.2
e20t